Assay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Assay - Essay Example f— the dealing is otherwise authorised by regulation†, and the Regulation specifies when authorization becomes limited in provisions Chapter 2, Part 2, paragraph 4 where it indicated that â€Å"[1] a health professional’s authorisation is subject to any condition or restriction to which the health professional is subject to under the Health Professionals Act 2004 (see s 20); [2] the authorisation of a person to prescribe a medicine is subject to any restriction included in sch 1 in relation to the person (see s 30 (1) (b))†. The Medicines, Poisons, and Therapeutics Act of 2008 is an act which defines medicines and other substances which are within the authority of the pharmacist to dispose. It also provides for the responsibilities of the pharmacist in the proper dispensing of the medicines and his criminal liabilities for improper dispensation of these medicines. The act also defines prohibited and regulated drugs and how the pharmacist is required to dispose of these. This act has a great impact on the pharmacy practice because it helps guide and regulate the proper dispensation of medicines—whether these be regulated or not. It cautions pharmacists to be more vigilant in their duties as health care professionals. The Medicines, Poisons, and Therapeutics Regulation of 2008 is a regulation made under the Medicines, Poisons, and Therapeutics Law. It is a guideline made under the principles and acts laid out by the law to help authorities implement the provisions of the act. It also prescribes the proper procedures that the pharmacist should follow in dispensing medications, especially regulated and controlled substances. This act greatly impacts on the pharmacy profession because it helps the pharmacist be better informed about what he can and cannot do under the law. The Public Health Act of 1997 sets the laws for the protection of public health and the prevention of diseases. It defines and describes the health authorities tasked with

How and which beliefs can we justified in Descartes who argues for Essay

How and which beliefs can we justified in Descartes who argues for skepticism - Essay Example He believes that images from dreamland are drawn from real experiences. For instance, if an artist draws an imaginary picture of a mermaid, he thinks of images of women and fish. The philosopher thinks that it is very easy to doubt the simplest things in life such as the existence of God. However, he tries pushing these thoughts from his mind by arguing that if he believes that there is no God, then he will be deceived. From the clip in "The Matrix", Neyo is put in a computer program by a hacker who tries to convince him to change his mind about what he believes in. The hacker shows him of his dream world and the real world to manipulate his mind into making Neyo believe in his world of fantasy (Andy and Lana, 1999). In the same way, Descartes sought to overturn people beliefs thoughts into his imaginary world. From the philosopher story, it is crucial to note that no individual can live in skepticism as no one doubts if other people in the surrounding exist. It is believed that Descartes was motivated into doubtful behavior as he was trying to overcome a certain problem, but his believes were always accompanied by arguments to inspire his

Human Resource Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Human Resource Management - Research Paper Example This research work discusses the relevance, roles and responsibilities of management and relevant theories related to recruiting and hiring, performance management, labor and employee relation, strategic HRM, training and development and organization development. Recruiting and Hiring Recruiting is a process that seeks and attracts a pool of people from which only qualified candidates for job can be chosen (Byars and Rue, 2008, p. 111). Recruiting is a strategic HR planning in which employers come to take appropriate decisions regarding who to be selected in order to meet the requirement (Mathis and Jackson, 2010, p. 208). Hiring, which is the final step involved in recruiting, is bringing on someone new to the firm. An effectively carried out recruiting helps the management find out most appropriate people, improve productivity, reduce labor costs and achieve the high performance working. The major roles and responsibilities of HR management in relation to recruitment and hiring are identifying the personnel requirement in the firm, evaluate their required skills and knowledge, attract a pool of people either from internal or external sources, conducting interviews, hiring and selection procedures and planning for their training and development programs (Searle, 2009, p. ... rategic managing approach to assessing, evaluating, monitoring and correcting the performance of employees is critical to the function of human resource management. From the analysis of various definitions of performance management, Deb (2006, p. 202) outlined that performance management is a holistic approach to ensure that value is added and a process of integration of performance measures, benchmarks and goals in order to achieve optimal results. As human capital is the most powerful asset in a firm and the performance of people is closely related to achieving the organizational goals, it is an economic imperative that the management must assess, evaluate and correct the performance through an effective management system. In an effective performance management, the management has to function in a systematic way and to play five major roles. They are; 1) Planning the work and setting the expectations, 2) Monitoring the performance in a regular basis, 3) Developing the capacity to p erform well, 4) Rating periodically, and 5) Rewarding for the improved and better performance (Deb, 2006, p. 202). Performance appraisal, which is considered as part of performance management, has gained increased importance as an important concept in the area of HRM. High Performance Working which is the best possible fit between the social system and the technical system in a firm (Noe, Hollenbeck and Gerhert, 2003, p. 5) has also gained increased importance in the field of HRM. Labor relation and Collective bargaining Maintaining healthy relation between employers and employees is a key requirement for the HRM since this relation can have significant impact on morale, motivation and ultimately on productivity as well (Mello, 2009, p. 528). Similarly, collective bargaining is also an

Hammurabis Code Essay Example for Free

Hammurabis Code Essay I am going to discuss the source of Hammurabi’s Code from our book, Sources of World Societies. During this time, there were a lot of different social classes, and the rich were definitely favored more than the poor. The Code contemplates the whole population as falling into three classes, the amelu, the muskinu and the ardu. The amelu was a patrician, the man of family, whose birth, marriage and death were registered, of ancestral estates and full civil rights . In the book, Sources of World Societies, Hammurabi’s code was not the first known law code, but it is the earliest one to survive largely intact . The code deals with the family, commercial activities, and agricultural life. The laws stated in the book dealt with medical practices, explaining the phrase an â€Å"eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth,† the most common law, meaning that a person who has injured another person receives the same injury in compensation. The example used for that is Law 196, â€Å"If a man put out the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out . Hammurabi’s Code was very to the point, meaning that there was most likely a law for everything possible in a wrongdoing. For example, Law 218 states, â€Å"If a physician performed a major operation on a freeman with a bronze lancet and has caused the freeman’s death, or he opened up the eye-socket of a freeman and has destroyed the freeman’s eye, they shall cut off his hand . † I understand that the physician did mess up a crucial surgery, but I do think it’s a little outrageous to cut off his whole hand! Perhaps it would be better if he just got punished for the mistake. I do think it’s unfair that if he messed up a slave’s surgery, he received shekels of silver. Law 217 states, â€Å"If it was a freeman’s slave, the owner of the slave shall give two shekels of silver to the physician . † How messed up is that? Slaves were killed for almost every minor offense. Hammurabi’s Code consisted of around 282 Laws. Hammurabi’s Code was established around 1780 B. C . Hammurabi was the ruler who chiefly established the greatness of Babylon, the worlds first metropolis . Hammurabi had many accomplishments other than the law code. He unified Mesopotamia under Babylonian rule, and established the supremacy of the Babylonian god Marduk . Hammurabi’s Code was arranged in orderly groups, so that all men might read and know what was required of them. The code was carved upon a black stone monument, eight feet high, and clearly intended to be reared in public view. This noted stone was found in the year 1901, in a city of the Persian mountains. It begins and ends with addresses to the gods . The Code clearly stated the rules of marriage, having children, and what they were able to do with their children. For example, if a married couple got a divorce, and the woman was a â€Å"bad wife,† the Code allowed him to send her away while he got to keep the children and her dowry, or he could degrade her to the position of a slave in his own house . Women seemed to be treated poorly during this time, and men seemed to always be in charge. For example, Law 110 states, â€Å"If a sister of a god open a tavern, or enter a tavern to drink, then shall this woman be burned to death . Honestly, this one kind of shocked me a bit. Women go to taverns all the time, and if it was this day and age, it would be considered a huge crime if a woman got put to death from going to a tavern. The most common penalty was a fine, but many resulted in death. For instance, Law 2 states, â€Å"If any one bring an accusation against a man, and the accused go to the river and leap into the river, if he sink in the river his accuser shall take possession of his house. But if the river prove that the accused is not guilty, and he escape unhurt, then he who had brought the accusation shall be put to death, while he who leaped into the river shall take possession of the house that had belonged to his accuser . † This law actually makes a lot of sense. If a man is wrongly accused, then the accuser should get punished. Why should the accuser go without getting a penalty, but he should just get a fine, and not be put to death. It does seem a little weird that their letting the river determine their fate. It seemed like they had a lot of beliefs in nature, and let nature decide their fate. I have read these Code laws over and over multiple times and a few of them has made me chuckle a bit. I just think to myself, what were these people thinking?! Law 25 says, â€Å"If fire break out in a house, and some one who comes to put it out cast his eye upon the property of the owner of the house, and take the property of the master of the house, he shall be thrown into that self-same fire . † This law confused me a bit, does it mean that if the person coming to put out the fire looks at the property of where the fire is at, he must be thrown into the fire? If so, that definitely doesn’t make any sense. Law 132 states, â€Å"If the finger is pointed at a mans wife about another man, but she is not caught sleeping with the other man, she shall jump into the river for her husband . † I understand that cheating a a very wrong thing to do, but if she was not caught why should she have to jump into the river? What is she going to learn about doing such a thing. Jumping in the river probably was a big penalty back then. In conclusion, after I looked and went over Hammurabi’s Code, I have learned quite a bit about how life was lived back then. Just thinking that all of our ancestors had to go through that, and how many lives were lost for doing certain crimes that we would consider minor offenses nowadays. If our ancestors lived in the world we lived in today, they would probably think it’s so easy, when we think it’s super hard. The laws were taken very seriously and hardly went unseen. We think these laws are very outrageous and uncalled for, when in reality, they probably weren’t that big of a deal back then. I chose this source because it seemed really interesting to get to know about how the law was made back in 1800 B. C. E. It is important to understand this period of history to see how laws were even made or thought of. Every law that we have is most likely a revised version of one of Hammurabi’s Code Laws. Hammurabi’s Code informed me that early World History is very different than what it is today. This is my first time ever hearing about Hammurabi’s Code, and even learning about 1800 B. C. E. I have really enjoyed learning more about this topic.

Introduction To The Criminal Justice System

Introduction To The Criminal Justice System What do we mean by the Criminal Justice System (CJS)? This essay aims to answer the question What do we mean by the Criminal Justice System? In order to do this, we will start by looking at an introduction to the criminal justice system and briefing talking through the different agencies it is comprised of. We will then go on to look at the three main government departments and map out their responsibilities. This essay then intends to question whether or not the CJS is actually a system and to discuss conflict that may arise between the different agencies. In order to understand the system, it must be broken down into three stages. These stages include the police, the courts and the prisons. These can be evaluated to determine whether or not the CJS is effective. The Criminal Justice System is one of the main public services in the UK. It is made up of specific agencies that respond to the commission of offences. These work together and share similar aims and objectives. These agencies include the Police Service, the Crown Prosecution Service, Her Majestys Court Service, The National Offender Management Service and the Youth Justice Board (cjsonline.gov.uk march 2010). All of these agencies are directed by three main government departments. These are the Home Office, the Ministry of Justice and the Office of Attorney General. These departments work together and each of these is responsible for different services within the system. The Home Office was set up in the 18th century and although many changes have been made since this time, its key objective is to protect the public therefore it is responsible for areas such as policing and security. This makes it responsible for all 43 police forces within England and Wales. It is run by the Home Secretary who sets agendas and has management boards in order to make sure its aims and objectives are carried out and their services are being delivered to the public. The Ministry of Justice was established in 2007 and took over some of the responsibilities of the Home Office. It is in charge of the justice system with areas such as criminal law and sentencing. One of its departmental strategic objectives is to ensure a more effective, transparent and responsive criminal justice system for victims and the public (http://www.justice.gov.uk/publications/docs/justice-annual-report-08-09ii.pdf p48). It is now headed by the Lord Chancellor which can also be known as the Secret ary of State for Justice and like the Home Office, it also has a management board. The Ministry of Justice now also carries out the duties for the Department for Constitutional Affairs which manages the Legal Services Commission and certain courts. The Office of the Attorney General was established to provide advice to law officials. One of its main responsibilities is to guard the rule of the law and of public interest (http://www.attorneygeneral.gov.uk/AboutUs/Pages/default.aspx). It is accountable for the law offenders department which is made up of agencies like the Crown Prosecution Service and the National Fraud Authority. In order to certify that these three departments work together, Local Criminal Justice Boards were set up. There are 42 of these boards and ensure that all of the aims of the three boards are carried out in their local area. Ashworth (2010) claims that the CJS is not a system. It quotes that To refer to it as a system is merely a convenience and an aspiration (p71) although Newburn (2007) believes that there is evidence to show that they work in partnership and share similar goals (p549). Despite these similar goals overall, each stage of the CJS sometimes has different objectives which may result in conflict between the different agencies. For example, the courts may sentence a person to prison to be punished, while probation officers would attempt to rehabilitate them. With these differing objectives, the Office for Criminal Justice Reform (OCJR) was set up to ensure these agencies collaborated effectively and delivered the aims of the CJS. These aims are to prevent and detect more crime, to give victims and witnesses more support and to punish and rehabilitate more offenders http://www.cjsonline.gov.uk/the_cjs/how_it_works/. These aims must be carried out in order for the criminal justice system to be effective. Each of these aims can be applied to the different stages within the CJS. These stages consist of the police, the courts and also the prisons. Each has a different role within the system with different objectives. The police are there to prevent and detect more crime; this can be done through arrests while the courts are there to sentence offenders and the prisons to punish. The police are the primary stage in the prevention of crime (Joyce p84). In most cases the agencies never respond at all as the CJS starts with the arrest of a suspect or with the reporting of a crime. The police have the authority to refer a person to the next stage of the CJS. This is done as they have to enforce the law with the intention to keep the peace. The courts have the power to sentence an offender and a custodial sentence is the toughest punishment the courts can impose while the prisons function is to punish an offender. From this it would appear that the CJS is based upon punishment, however this is not the case. Only specific agencies focus solely on the penal system. Once an offender is sentenced by the court, the offender enters the penal system (Cavadino p1). The penal system is a system that exists to punish and otherwise deal with those who have been convicted of criminal offences (Cavadino p408). The CJS in the UK is not only about punishment but also about the rehabilitation of offenders. Therefore, it protects the public in both the long and short term http://www.cjsonline.gov.uk/downloads/application/pdf/CJS_Review.pdf. Rehabilitation believes that punishment can reduce the incidence of crime by taking a form which will improve the individual offenders character or behaviour and make him or her less likely to reoffend in future (Cavadino p41) The three stages mentioned earlier collaborate well as all three have the objective to protect the public. In order to find out whether or not each of these stages are effective, they can be measured by a number of different means. BCS Police statistics Clear up rates Sentencing has increased in recent years. This can be proved by the increase in prisoners. Since 1980 the prison population increased from 42,000 to 85,000 in 2009 (REF). Despite this increase, it cannot be proved that there is an increase in crime as it may be due to stricter and harsher sentences being imposed by the courts. Regardless of this, respondents to the BCS were asked whether they thought sentences were too tough, about right or too lenient, with over three quarters (76%) feeling that sentences were too lenient (Home Office Policing and criminal justice p12). Due to this increase in the prison population, it has been claimed that the conditions prisoners live in has made it difficult to rehabilitate offenders (Joyce p365) and that it is possible that the prisons may be violating Article three of the Convention (Ashworth p316). One of the problems that an increase in prison population has caused is overcrowding. This can lead to inmates being contained to their cells for l ong periods of time (Ashworth p316) and the denial to rehabilitative programmes (Joyce p377). These overcrowded prisons can lead to aggression and can damage a persons health and wellbeing. Other issues that are concerned with prison conditions include an increase in drug use, security problems and also the financing of the prisons. These conditions may also affect reoffending rates due to not being able to rehabilitate a person. Victimisation surveys is a survey which interviews a sample of the public and provide a relatively accurate measure of crime rates (Newburn p62) as they include crimes that have not been reported to or recorded by the police. Despite this, they still cannot be 100% accurate and reliable due to the fact that they exclude victimless crimes such as Punishment completions Self report surveys Issues influencing the CJSs ability to be effective Confidence levels/ satisfaction Reliability of stats The media can influence a persons perception of the CJS. GOOD The media presents information to the public of crimes. This can be done through new reporting and also television programmes such as Crimewatch which give the public accounts of events through real life footage and reconstructions (Newburn p104). BAD

The Corrupt Practice of Physician-Assisted Suicide Essay -- Euthanasia

     Ã‚     Ã‚   Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), cancer, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease are just some of the illnesses millions of people are diagnosed with every day.   These diseases and many other afflictions have the potential to cause extreme pain and suffering to individuals.   Each person who has a terminal illness knows that death is inevitable.   Knowing this fact, the afflicted are torn between the decision of letting the disease take its course or opting for euthanasia.   Derek Humphrey, a founder of the Euthanasia Research and Guidance Organization, gives an accurate definition of the word euthanasia, "The word 'euthanasia' comes from the Greek-eu, "good," and thanatos, "death.   Literally, "good death" (18).   Euthanasia, also called "mercy killing," is the act or practice of putting people to death who are suffering from painful, incurable diseases or incapacitating physical disorders.   Euthanasia is an extremely di fficult and moral decision, one that a patient must make along with their family and doctors.   Euthanasia involves tampering with the gift and privilege of life, many people stand on opposing sides of this issue.   A specific kind called physician-assisted suicide is much debated because it poses two questions: is it morally justified? and, should it be legalized?   Physician-assisted suicide is immoral and unacceptable for a number of reasons and, therefore, it should not be legalized.   Assisting in suicide is killing someone with their consent.   No doctor should help a patient die because it is their duty as a physician to preserve and prolong life, not take it away.   If this were to be legalized, some doctors would abuse this law and people would get killed without the... ....   17-23. Jefferson, Thomas.   "The Declaration of Independence."   A World of Ideas: Essential readings for college writers.   Ed. Lee A. Jacobs.   Boston, Bedford:   1998: 76-79. Loconte, Joe.   "Hospice Care Can Make Assisted Suicide Unnecessary."   Euthanasia: Opposing Viewpoints.   Ed.   James D. Torr.   San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2000.   96-104. Mappes, Thomas A., and David DeGrazia.   Biomedical Ethics.   New York: McGraw-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hill, 1996. Misbin, Robert I.   Euthanasia: The Good of the Patient, the Good of Society.   Frederick: University Publishing Group, 1992. Smith, Wesley J.   "Legalizing Physician-Assisted Suicide Would Harm Society." Physician-Assisted Suicide.   Ed.   Daniel A. Leone. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1998.   84-97. Weir, Robert F, ed. Physician-Assisted Suicide.   Medical Ethics Ser.   Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1997.

Descartes Third Meditation :: essays research papers

Meditation III   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Descartes Third Meditation, he establishes arguments to prove the existence of God. Descartes believes in â€Å"Cogito Ergo Sum† this means I think therefore I am. The â€Å"I† in this sentence means the soul. Descartes believes the existence of the mind is better known than the existence of the body. If my soul thinks then I exist. The Cogito proves the existence of self or the mind; this is not the same for the theory of God. Descartes has two arguments in the Third meditation. The arguments are the cause of his idea of God and the cause of his existence now. In the third meditation Descartes uses his existence as an example to find out whether God exist. Descartes explanation is whatever he perceived clear and distinct is true. The idea of the existence of God could have been caused by something out side of himself. Something had to put the idea of God in his mind for him to think about the existence of God. Descartes says, â€Å"I must examine whether there is a God, and, if there is, whether he can be a deceiver. Descartes has to prove that God exists and that he is no deceiver. Descartes then explains that the idea of God is the idea of a perfect or Supreme Being. A perfect being could have set this idea in our minds. He discovers that a perfect thing exists and that perfect being is defined as God. Descartes says, â€Å"All these attributes are such that, the more carefully I concentrate on them, the less possible it seems that they could have originated from me alone. So from what has been said it must be concluded that God necessarily exists.† Descartes also reveals that God is not a deceiver. Descartes knows that a perfect being has no faults. Deception depends on some defect or fault. Therefore, if a perfect being has no faults then that perfect being can not be a deceiver.