Regulating the New Zealand Electricity Industry - 2196 Words

Laws 437 Research and Writing Topic #2: The application of the Commerce Act to the electricity industry â€Å"Regulating the New Zealand electricity industry—no longer just Ohm’s law† Emily Wu Electricity is a problematic commodity. Unlike other goods and services—be those vaccines, education or tennis rackets—the life of electricity is transient and without technology capable of storing it, supply must meet demand instantaneously. Due to the inherently unreliable nature of demand forecasts (e.g. an unexpected cold front leads to a demand spike as people turn on their heaters), the grid must also have the capacity to reach peak demand at all times. In addition to these complicated physical problems, the location of New Zealand’s largest demand centres compared largest generation centres means there are several infrastructural issues as well. This essay will briefly examine the industry’s regulatory history and discern how the Commerce Act 1986 fits into this regulatory context. The ability of Part 2 to control generators in net-pivotal situations will also be briefly scrutinized. Structure of the industry The electricity industry can be split 4 ways: 1. Generation: converting other energy sources (e.g. coal) into electrical energy. 2. Transmission: transferring electricity to local substations. 3. Distribution: delivers electricity from transmission system to consumers. 4. Retail: companies who buy electricity from the wholesale market and sell it toShow MoreRelatedNew Zealand : Electric Technology s Professional Bodies1671 Words   |  7 PagesNew Zealand: Electric Technology’s Professional Bodies [Student’s Name] [Institution Title] Introduction Professional bodies are also known as professional associations, professional organization or professional society. These are duly recognized institutions whose aim is to further and promote a given profession to serve the best interest of its members and the general public (Harvey, 2014). According to the book entitled Role of Professional Bodies in Higher Education Quality MonitoringRead MoreThe New Form Of The Electric Industry2237 Words   |  9 PagesTHE early form of the electric industry, evolved around 1880 A.D. when electric lighting system became prevalent. At this time, there was a significant competition between electric utilities for customers. However, since the early 1900’s a general consensus developed that it is cheaper and economical to produce power at large scale, and hence the electric power industry changed to a natural monopoly structure. With a monopoly market structure, a few electric electricity companies had complete controlRead MoreAn Investigativ e Study About Deregulation ( Restructuring ) Of Indian Power Sector2061 Words   |  9 PagesThis can be possible by introducing restructuring and deregulation in electrical power sector. Deregulation involves unbundling of different components of power system, availability of components for sale and also forming new set of rules for operation and sales of electricity [1]. An main and important aspect of deregulation is restructuring. Restructuring means unbundling of power system into both horizontal and vertical components. Vertical integrated utilities are mainly broken up into threeRead MoreGeothermal Energy in America Essay2037 Words   |  9 Pagesburden placed on itself and the state while developing geothermal energy over the last three decades. The state Cooperative Programs connected private developers to resources on the local, state and federal level that produced positive growth in the industry. The addition of research done by universities opened more geothermal rich regions to exploration and development. Environmental regulations created the strongest barrier against for the development of geothermal energy. Regulations put into placeRead MoreCorrupti on Perception Index5242 Words   |  21 Pagesmeans that a country is perceived as highly corrupt and 10 means that a country is perceived as very clean. In addition, based on 2011 CPI results, the five countries with the least level of corruption are New Zealand, Denmark, Finland, Sweden and Singapore. It shows that New Zealand scored 9.5 which nearest to 10, means that the country is the almost clean from corruption. In other hands, the five countries with high level of corruption are Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Myanmar, North Korea andRead MoreDemand Side Management22653 Words   |  91 Pagespage iv MODULE 14: DEMAND-SIDE MANAGEMENT page 14.1 1. MODULE OBJECTIVES 1.1. Module overview Demand-side management (DSM) has been traditionally seen as a means of reducing peak electricity demand so that utilities can delay building further capacity. In fact, by reducing the overall load on an electricity network, DSM has various beneficial effects, including mitigating electrical system emergencies, reducing the number of blackouts and increasing system reliability. Possible benefitsRead MoreDoing Business in the Asia/Pacific Rim Region31325 Words   |  126 Pages123 Pitt Street, GPO Box 119 Sydney, New South Wales DX 233 Australia +(61-2) 9390-8000 PHONE +(61-2) 9390-8390 FAX www.holmanwebb.com.au Contact Attorney: D’Arcy Kelly dak@holmanwebb.com.au CHINA (SHANGHAI) Lily Fenn Partners Martin Hun Partners 19/F, Yongda International Tower 2277 Longyang Road Shanghai 201204, P. R. China +86 21 5010-1666 PHONE +86 21 5010-1222 FAX www.mhplawyer.com Contact Attorney: Martin Hu martin.hu@mhplawyer.com NEW ZEALAND Room D, 32/F. Lippo Centre, TowerRead MoreIndia s Political And Economic Environment3475 Words   |  14 Pageshighly sensitive to media criticism and has recently proposed several potentially restrictive laws. The government’s encroachment can be seen in its regular intrusion on the editorial independence of the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) regulating what can be broadcasted. India averaged at a score of 2.5 in 2014. Despite India’s vibrant media landscape, journalists continue to face a number of constraints. The government has made use of security laws, criminal defamation legislation, hate-speechRead MoreEthics of Information Communication Technology (Ict)27618 Words   |  111 Pagesare already legally recognised are daily being violated, whether in the name of economic advancement, political stability, religious causes, the campaign against terrorism, or for personal greed and interests. Violations of these rights have created new problems in hu man social systems, such as the digital divide, cybercrime, digital security and privacy concerns, all of which have affected people’s lives either directly or indirectly. It is important that the countries of the Asia-Pacific region comeRead MoreHealth Safety Issues in Garments Industry of Bangladesh11720 Words   |  47 PagesIntroduction Origin of the report Health safety polices are not available in most of the garments manufacturers exporters in Ready made Garments Industry of Bangladesh. As a requirement of Human Resource Management course, this project is prepared on Health Safety issues in present Garments Industry of Bangladesh. Because if Heath Safety policies cannot be established properly, in near future garments sector of Bangladesh will face very tough competition for ensuring it’s competitive

Essay on Works of Auguste Rodin - 1164 Words

Auguste Rodin was born in 1840 and died in 1917, a year before the end of World War I. He was one of the most illustrious artists of his time, and in the eyes of posterity he remains, surely, the greatest name in Western Sculpture since Michelangelo. His style was both classic and romantic, and to his contemporaries it was also revolutionary, for although Rodin followed routine closely, he presented it exactly as he saw and experienced it, and refused to be bound by the artistic conventions of his day. Unlike his contemporary sculptors of the 1870s and 1880s, Rodin had both a brilliant technique and something to day. It was Rodins imaginative modeling that re-established sculpture as exaggeration rather than description or literal†¦show more content†¦With his consciousness of mans diversity and unity, his aspirations and dignity tempered by finite capacities, Rodin transforms weakness into spirituality. The range of his art from animality to spirituality is also present in Munch, Van Gogh, Heckel, Nolde and Lehmbruck. This transformation and this range are symptomatic of the shift in modern times from a religious to a spiritual art in which the feelings of reverence, faith, and hope formerly addressed to Christ and t he saints are transferred to man. The holiness of the living is seen in their suffering, rather than in the passion of the martyrs of the church. Although painting was closest to life at the time, it is in a work of sculpture, a counterpart of Baudelaires Les Fleurs du Mal, that we find an assay of the spiritual cost of the spectacle that was Paris at the end of the last century. In the years when Monet and Renoir were painting joyful scenes of a holiday world and intimate relaxed moments of domestic life, Rodin was working on The Gates of Hell. The opportunity for Rodin to devote an ambitious project to the subject of hell was made possible by a commission from the Beaux Art Committee. An interesting problem in modern art is the genesis and meaning of The Gates. Despite Rodins fame and the publicity accorded to his statues, his most important work remains little known and something of a mystery. The drawings Rodin did around this time provide aShow MoreRelatedThe Kiss1493 Words   |  6 Pagesseveral different works called The Kiss, created by different artists. Auguste Rodin, Constatin Brancusi, and Gustav Klimt all have their own version of the work. While Rodin and Brancusi created a sculpture, Klimt created a painting. These artists conveyed many different emotions for their viewers to perceive. These works of art also have several things in common. It is important to learn about each artist in order to learn the ideas and thoughts that come from their works. Auguste Rodin was FrenchRead MoreCritique on Carl Milles Work687 Words   |  3 PagesCritique on Carl Milles’ work Carl Milles (Carl Emil Wilhelm Anderson) was born at Orby in Lagga near Uppsala, Sweden on 23 June 1875 and died at his home in Lidingo, Sweden on 19 September 1955. He was the world famous Swedish sculptor during the first half of the 20th century. In 1892-1897, he was apprenticed to a cabinetmaker and woodworker when he left school and attended evening classes at the Technical School in Stockholm in woodwork and later in carving and modeling. He showed a talentRead MoreBiography Of Auguste Rodin s The Gates Of Hell 1908 Words   |  8 PagesAuguste Rodin has a number of awe-inspiring pieces, ranging in medium, size, and location. Outside the massive cluster in Paris, they pop up in the most unusual places, such as Philadelphia, Seoul, Tokyo, and Raleigh. What is even more interesting is that many of Rodin’s pieces were designed to be part of a single great piece, a massive pair of doors, intended for an art museum that grew into something much more. This piece is Rodinâ₠¬â„¢s Gates of Hell. The gates are particularly significant to the worldRead More Auguste Rodin Essay899 Words   |  4 Pages Auguste Rodin (1840-1917) was born on November 12th 1840 in Paris, France. Very few would dispute the statement that Rodin was the greatest genius in the world of sculpture in the late 19th century. There were very few artists who faced the criticism; slander and personal insults during their lifetimes as was given to Rodin likewise there are few artists who have known such personal glory during their carriers. Rodins sculpture was so powerful and original that those in control of the art worldRead MoreLovers stopped in time, unable to proceed to the lip locking trophy of affection. A simple four800 Words   |  4 Pagesproceed to the lip locking trophy of affection. A simple four letter word that has changed the world by its beauty and awe. What are these interesting pictures of words and love? The Kiss, a dramatic scene unfolding before everyone created by Auguste Rodin, and LOVE, the simplistic sucker punch created by Robert Indiana, are wonderful creations that have both an impa ct and a meaning. These two sculptures have graced the art world with all their beauty leaving some breathless. They mean so many differentRead More Constantin Brancusi Essay1236 Words   |  5 Pagesand the interest he shows in using light and space. His work had a major influence in the modern concept of â€Å"form† in sculpting, painting and drawing. Brancusi was born in 1876 in the Habita village.. During his childhood he learned to sculpt wood, to manufacture different household utensils, because at that time in Romania those were made out of wood as were the facades and piers. The style of these ornaments will influence Brancus’s work. Brancusi used to state that his way of life was influencedRead MoreHave You Ever Admired A Sculpture? Did You Wonder Why It1041 Words   |  5 Pagesand whimsical, whereas Neoclassicism was more traditional and emphasized courage. Some people even believed the Neoclassic era was just and a spontaneous reaction to the Rococo era. Rococo’s name is derived from the word rocaille which means rock work in french. Another sculpture style period during the eighteenth and nineteenth century is Romanticism. Romanticism is an artistic, literary, and musical movement. It also had a big impact on the sculpture. This movement flourished in the 1900s.Read MoreAnalysis Of The Afternoon Of A Faun1728 Words   |  7 Pages Vaslav Nijinskys The Afternoon of a Faun The Afternoon of a Faun is a modern ballet choreographed by Vaslav Nijinsky to a short symphonic work by Claude Debussy called Prà ©lude à   laprà ¨s-midi dun faune. It was Nijinskys first choreographed work and was first performed by Diaghilevs Ballets Russes in Paris at the Thà ©Ãƒ ¢tre du Chà ¢telet on May 29, 1912. The costumes and sets were designed by Là ©on Bakst. Both the music and the ballet were inspired by the poem Laprà ¨s-midi dun faune by Stà ©phane Mallarmà ©Read MoreCompare and Contrast Essay595 Words   |  3 Pagesfeeling towards a person? Some say youll know the  meaning  of  love  when you fall in  love, yet some dont believe in  love  at all. The sculpture â€Å"LOVE† created by Robert Indiana and the sculpture â€Å"The Kiss† made by Auguste Rodin both share some of the same meanings behind the art work (Indianapolis Museum of Art) (Rodins The Kiss Sculpture). A major similarity between the two is love; which attracts and speaks to people all around the world. Although they are spoken in different ways, they bothRead MoreA Comparison Of Camille Claudel1216 Words   |  5 Pagessculptor Auguste Rodin (Lotz). She created her works of art in a realistic direction. Her most poetic and notable work is the sculpture Waltz (1892-1905). Made of bronze, it depicts a man and a woman at the time of intimate close dance (Lotz). The second no less interesting and outstanding sculpture is marble Cupid and Psyche (1787 - 1793) Antonio Canova, Italian sculptor, representative of classicism. Despite the different eras, styles, and manner of performing sculptors, both of these works are

The Importance of Healthy Eating Essay Sample free essay sample

What is healthy eating? Healthy feeding is non about rigorous nutrition doctrines. remaining unrealistically thin. or striping yourself of the nutrients you love. Rather. it’s about experiencing great. holding more energy. stabilising your temper. and maintaining yourself every bit healthy as possible– all of which can be achieved by larning some nutrition rudimentss and utilizing them in a manner that works for you. You can spread out your scope of healthy nutrient picks and larn how to be after in front to make and keep a tasty. healthy diet. Healthy feeding is of import from the twenty-four hours we are born. As a kid. we grow rather quickly and this is due in portion to the nutrients we eat. Foods all contain foods that provide us non merely with fuel to populate our day-to-day lives. but besides with the really substances that construct our castanetss. musculuss. and organ tissues. Not acquiring plenty of one food or another can do a assortment of jobs. including stunting our growing. For female parents who are nursing. nutrition is of import because chest milk contains the foods a kid needs to turn and develop decently. Upon turning older. these foods are so found in nutrient. but don’t think that healthy eating isn’t of import for growing after you’ve gone through pubescence. Cells uninterrupted break down and reconstruct. so healthy eating for growing continues to be of import until the twenty-four hours we die. Keeping map is besides non of import without healthy feeding. In out day-to-day lives. we use energy to believe. walk. talk. breathe. and execute any other action. The energy it takes our organic structure to make these things comes from two topographic points: fat militias in the organic structure or our day-to-day nutrient consumption. If you don’t eat healthy nutrients. you will happen that you are hive awaying more fat that necessary or that you aren’t acquiring plenty and you feel sulky or weak. Along with energy-providing foods. like fats and saccharides. we besides need the right foods to let our variety meats to make their occupations. Hormones and other substances in the organic structure make certain that everything is working decently. If you don’t eat the right foods. your organic structure can non bring forth the se endocrines and. as a consequence. can non work decently. In add-on. teenage refers to the stripling old ages when an person goes through a period of mental and physical development. A healthy diet helps advance this development and satisfies the increased nutritionary demand of the age. The nutrients that are consumed during teenage old ages have an impact on the wellness when the individual reaches maturity. A healthy diet supplies the organic structure with Calories. A teenage organic structure requires more Calories due to its rapid growing. Adolescents require more Calories on a day-to-day footing than at any other clip in their lives. The mean day-to-day Calories intake should be 2. 800 for teenage male childs and 2. 200 for adolescent misss. The calorie consumption should be higher for teens indulging in athleticss or anything that demands intense physical activity. Last. healthy feeding is of import in order to forestall unwellness. When we do non acquire the right foods. or body’s natural defence system against diseases weakens. leting viruses and bacteriums to assail the organic structure. It’s like a well-trained army-if the ground forces doesn’t have enough to eat. it will non make good in conflict. Without healthy nutrients and plent ifulness of H2O. our organic structures merely could non run on a daily footing. Learning how to eat healthy nutrients is hence and of import lesson. and one which we should get down larning as kids. The stating â€Å"you are what you eat† insinuates that what you ingest into the organic structure will be reflected both internally and externally. If you eat healthy. opportunities are you will look and experience healthy. Foods you eat are for far more benefit than merely delighting the roof of the mouth. You eat to nurture or fuel the organic structure with necessary foods for optimum public presentation. A higher quality of life Begins and ends with a life style of healthy feeding. Profit Eating a healthy diet is instrumental in the decrease of the hazard factors for several major diseases. Obesity. high blood force per unit area. and high cholesterin are a few of the hazard factors that serve as precursors to major diseases. and can be controlled with healthy eating. Want Healthy Hair? Tips A ; Articles On Choosing The Right Conditioner. Shampoo For You Yahoo. com/Beauty A ; Fashion Sponsored Links FoodsFoods are substances needed for normal bodily operations. Essential foods. derived from healthy nutrient picks. are virtually indispensable to the organic structure. Without them. the normal maps of the organic structure get down to deteriorate. They must be derived via the diet. TYPES OF NUTRIENTS Carbohydrate is a alimentary necessity for energy production and the bar of ketonemia. a province where the production of ketones exceeds metamorphosis. Protein is a alimentary necessity for its constituents. aminic acids. Fat is a alimentary which provides insularity. protection and energy for the organic structure. FUNCTIONAL FOODS Onions. Allium sativum. tomatoes. citrous fruit fruits. grapes. Brassica oleracea italica. Apium graveolens dulce. cruciferous veggies and most workss are illustrations of functional nutrients high in nutraceutical content. Nutraceuticals are foods straight related to the bar or intervention of disease procedures. GuidelineDietary nutrient guidelines for Americans are illustrated in the Food Guide Pyramid. The undermentioned are day-to-day recommendations by the pyramid: 1 ) Eat 6-11 helpings of grain merchandises. 2 ) Eat 3 to 5 helpings of vegetables. 3 ) Eat 2 to 4 helpings of fruits. 4 ) Enjoy 2 to 3 helpings of milk merchandises and meat/bean merchandises. 5 ) Choose meagerly foods with fat and high sugar content. What Is Healthy Eating? What Is A Good Diet?Healthy feeding means devouring the right measures of nutrients from all nutrient groups in order to take a healthy life. Diet is frequently referred to as some dietetic regimen for losing weight. However. diet merely means what nutrient we eat in the class of a 24-hour. one hebdomad. or one month. etc. period. A good diet is a nutritionary life style that promotes good wellness. A good diet must include several nutrient groups because one individual group can non supply everything a human demands for good wellness. How do you specify healthy feeding? The important portion of healthy feeding is a balanced diet. A balanced diet – or a good diet – means devouring from all the different good groups in the right measures. Dieticians say there are five chief nutrient groups – whole grains. fruit and veggies. protein. diary. and fat A ; sugar. Whole grains Harmonizing to the USDA ( United States Dept. of Agriculture ) we should devour at least 3 ounces of whole grains per twenty-four hours. A whole grain. unlike refined grains. still has the bran and the source attached. Whole grains are rich in fibre. minerals and vitamins. When grains are refined the bran and source are removed. It is non possible to cognize whether nutrient is made from whole grain merely by looking at it. To be truly certain you have to read the label. In the list of ingredients. the word whole or wholegrainneeds to look before the name of the grain. Whole grain merchandises include staff of lifes. pastas and cereals – they need to be made with 100 % whole grain. Whole grain nutrients and flours include 100 % whole wheat. brown rice. bulger. maize. Polygonum fagopyrum. burgoo ( oats ) . spelt and wild rice. Fruit and veggies Fruit and veggies have a high vitamin. mineral and fiber content – these foods are critical for your organic structure to map good. Several surveies have proven that a good consumption of fruit and veggies may protect from developing bosom disease. diabetes type 2. and malignant neoplastic disease. Most wellness sections throughout the universe recommend that we consume five parts of fruit and veggies each twenty-four hours. This could include either fresh. frozen or canned. or dried fruit and vegetables. A part means either one big fruit. such as an apple. Mangifera indica. or a banana. or three heaped tablespoons of veggies. It could besides include one glass of 100 % fruit orvegetable juice. A fruit/vegetable drink is one part. no affair how large it is. Beans and pulsations can besides number as one part. Read more: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. livestrong. com/article/43151-importance-eating/ # ixzz25tqCxyTI ARTICLE 2Healthy EatingEASY TIPS FOR PLANNING A HEALTHY DIET AND STICKING TO ITMarch 28. 2011 By Reed Johnson Healthy feeding is non about rigorous nutrition doctrines. remaining unrealistically thin. or striping yourself of the nutrients you love. Rather. it’s about experiencing great. holding more energy. stabilising your temper. and maintaining yourself every bit healthy as possible– all of which can be achieved by larning some nutrition rudimentss and utilizing them in a manner that works for you. You can spread out your scope of healthy nutrient picks and larn how to be after in front to make and keep a tasty. healthy diet. Healthy eating tip 1: Set yourself up for successTo put yourself up for success. believe about be aftering a healthy diet as a figure of little. manageable stairss instead than one large drastic alteration. If you approach the alterations bit by bit and with committedness. you will hold a healthy diet sooner than you think. * Simplify. Alternatively of being excessively concerned with numbering Calories or mensurating part sizes. think of your diet in footings of colour. assortment. and freshness. This manner it should be easier to do healthy picks. Focus on happening nutrients you love and easy formulas that incorporate a few fresh ingredients. Gradually. your diet will go healthier and more delightful. * Start slow and do alterations to your eating wonts over clip. Trying to do your diet healthy overnight isn’t realistic or smart. Changing everything at one time normally leads to rip offing or giving up on your new eating program. Make little stairss. like adding a salad ( full of different colour veggies ) to your diet one time a twenty-four hours or exchanging from butter to olive oil when cookery. As your little alterations become wont. you can go on to add more healthy picks to your diet. * Every alteration you make to better your diet affairs. You don’t hold to be perfect and you don’t have to wholly extinguish nutrients you enjoy to hold a healthy diet. The long term end is to experience good. hold more energy. and cut down the hazard of malignant neoplastic disease and disease. Don’t allow your trips derail you—every healthy nutrient pick you make counts. Healthy eating tip 2: Moderation is cardinalPeoples frequently think of healthy feeding as an all or nil proposition. but a cardinal foundation for any healthy diet is moderateness. But what is moderateness? How much is a moderate sum? That truly depends on you and your overall eating wonts. The end of healthy feeding is to develop a diet that you can keep for life. non merely a few hebdomads or months. or until you’ve hit your ideal weight. So seek to believe of moderateness in footings of balance. Despite what certain fad diets would hold you believe. we all need a balance of saccharides. protein. fat. fibre. vitamins. and minerals to prolong a healthy organic structure. For most of us. moderateness or balance agencies eating less than we do now. More specifically. it means eating far less of the unhealthy material ( unprocessed sugar. saturated fat. for illustration ) and more of the healthy ( such as fresh fruit and veggies ) . But it doesn’t average extinguishing t he nutrients you love. Eating bacon for breakfast one time a hebdomad. for illustration. could be considered moderateness if you follow it with a healthy tiffin and dinner–but non if you follow it with a box of doughnuts and a sausage pizza. If you eat 100 Calories of cocoa one afternoon. equilibrate it out by subtracting 100 Calories from your flushing repast. If you’re still hungry. make full up with an excess helping of fresh veggies. * Try non to believe of certain nutrients as â€Å"off-limits. † When you ban certain nutrients or nutrient groups. it is natural to desire those nutrients more. and so experience like a failure if you give in to enticement. If you are drawn towards Sweet. salty. or unhealthy nutrients. start by cut downing part sizes and non eating them as frequently. Later you may happen yourself hungering them less or thought of them as merely occasional indulgences. * Think smaller parts. Serving sizes have ballooned late. peculiarly in eating houses. If you donâ⠂¬â„¢t experience satisfied at the terminal of a repast. seek adding more leafy green veggies or rounding off the repast with fresh fruit. Ocular cues can assist with part sizes–your helping of meat. fish. or chicken should be the size of a deck of cards. a piece of staff of life should be the size of a Cadmium instance. and half a cup of mashed murphy. rice. or pasta is about the size of a traditional visible radiation bulb. Healthy eating tip 3: It’s non merely what you eat. it’s how you eat Healthy feeding is about more than the nutrient on your plate—it is besides about how you think about nutrient. Healthy eating wonts can be learned and it is of import to decelerate down and believe approximately nutrient as nutriment instead than merely something to quaff down in between meetings or on the manner to pick up the childs. * Eat with others whenever possible. Eating with other people has legion societal and emotional benefits—particularly for children—and allows you to pattern healthy eating wonts. Eating in forepart of the Television or computing machine frequently leads to mindless gorging. * Take clip to masticate your nutrient and enjoy mealtimes. Chew your nutrient easy. enjoying every bite. We tend to hotfoot though our repasts. burying to really savor the spirits and experience the textures of our nutrient. Reconnect with the joy of eating. * Listen to your organic structure. Ask yourself if you are truly hungry. or have a glass of H2O to see if you are thirsty alternatively of hungry. During a repast. halt eating before you feel full. It really takes a few proceedingss for your encephalon to state your organic structure that it has had enough nutrient. so eat easy. * Eat breakfast. and eat smaller repasts throughout the twenty-four hours. A healthy breakfast can jump-start your metamorphosis. and eating little. healthy repasts throughout the twenty-four hours ( instead than the standard three big repasts ) keeps your energy up and your metamorphosis traveling. * Avoid eating at dark. Try to eat dinner earlier in the twenty-four hours and so fast for 14-16 hours until breakfast the following forenoon. Early surveies suggest that this simple dietetic adjustment—eating merely when you’re most active and giving your digestive system a long interruption each day—may aid to modulate weight. After-dinner bites tend to be high in fat and Calories so are best avoided. anyhow. Healthy eating tip 4: Fill up on colourful fruits and veggies Fruits and veggies are the foundation of a healthy diet. They are low in Calories and alimentary dense. which means they are packed with vitamins. minerals. antioxidants. and fibre. Try to eat a rainbow of fruits and veggies every twenty-four hours and with every meal—the brighter the better. Colorful. profoundly coloured fruits and veggies contain higher concentrations of vitamins. minerals. and antioxidants—and different colourss provide different benefits. so eat a assortment. Aim for a lower limit of five parts each twenty-four hours. Some great picks include: * Greens. Branch out beyond bright and dark green boodle. Kale. mustard leafy vegetables. Brassica oleracea italica. and Chinese chou are merely a few of the options—all packed with Ca. Mg. Fe. K. Zn. and vitamins A. C. E. and K. * Sweet veggies. Naturally sweet vegetables—such as maize. carrots. Beta vulgariss. Sweet murphies. yams. onions. and squash—add healthy sugariness to your repasts and cut down your cravings for other Sweets. * Fruit. Fruit is a tasty. fulfilling manner to make full up on fibre. vitamins. and antioxidants. Berries are cancer-fighting. apples provide fibre. oranges and Mangifera indicas offer vitamin C. and so on. THE IMPORTANCE OF HEALTHY EatingThe importance of healthy feeding is that it helps the organic structure grow. improves organic structure maps and provides protection against illness. Everyone needs to see a healthy life style and healthier eating wonts to hold a longer better life. Even though most people are cognizant of the benefits and the importance of healthy feeding. merely a few people really follow them. The sum and type of nutrient you consume has a major influence on the overall wellness of your organic structure. Eating a well-balanced diet can cut down the hazard of assorted diseases every bit good as assisting to keep a healthy weight. It is of import to hold a healthy diet in specific state of affairss particularly if you want to lose weight or if you’re watching what you eat because you’re pregnant. It is of import to eat healthy throughout your life regardless of what age you are. Healthy feeding plays an of import portion in how you feel and in experie ncing good. Here are some tips that will assist you keep a healthy nutrient wont and guarantee a good wellness of the organic structure. Here are some helpful tips: Eat the right sum of Calories and keep a balance between the Calorie in-take. The norm recommended day-to-day Calories are 2. 000. though it differs between genders. weight and physical activity. Eat a broad assortment of nutrients in your diet. Choose nutrient that looks attractive with tonss of coloring material and spirit and includes a assortment of vegetable. grains and fruits. Eat moderate parts. Remember that nutrients from eating houses and fast nutrient mercantile establishments tend to hold a higher sum of calorie consumption. Choose a diet that includes plentifulness of fruits. veggies. grains and leguminous plants and nutrients which are high in complex saccharides. fiber. vitamins and minerals. It should be low in fat and free of cholesterin. The organic structure is made up of H2O so it’s of import to do certain that you have a least 8 spectacless of H2O. Water will assist blush the waste and toxins within the organic structure particu larly the kidneys and vesica. Avoid being dehydrated. Restrict the consumption of sugary nutrients. salt and refined grained merchandises. Sugar and salt which are added in most nutrients. can help in organic structure weight addition. Undertaking regular exercising can better energy degrees and over all wellbeing while cut downing the hazard of disease. Remember to hold three repasts with bites in between to let the metamorphosis to rush up. Here are some stairss for healthy feeding: Make sure you chew your nutrient and relish it.Always avoid stress whilst feeding. Eating whilst stressed can take to indigestion jobs. bosom burn and inflammatory bowel disease. Eat plenty nutrient to fulfill the organic structure and do non over eat. Make certain to eat breakfast as it helps kick get down the metamorphosis. Having a healthy well balance diet can assist the encephalon map better. Adopting a wellness balanced diet can convey many benefits to the wellness of the organic structure. It can besides assist the organic structure map better. Including exercising can convey more benefits to the organic structure such as weight loss etc. These suggestions have a path record of working for people in this state of affairs. We recommend that you try these tips and see which 1s are suited for you. You may happen that other attacks work for you excessively. Depending on your fortunes. a audience with your GP may be advised.

The Policies and Documentation IPv4 vs. IPv6

Table of Contents Ipv4 Ipv6 Ipv4 vs. Ipv6 Characteristics of Ipv4 Characteristics of Ipv6 Conclusion References The Internet Protocols are supposed to be the world’s most accepted open system protocol suite since they are used to communicate across through interconnected networks and are favorable for LAN and WAN communications. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP) are very popular suites of communication protocols.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Policies and Documentation: IPv4 vs. IPv6 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They first came into existence in the mid of 1970 due to the interest of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in establishing a packet switched network. Cisco Systems (2003) reported that Standford University and Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BBN) funded DARPA research program. Their main aim was to achieve the target of diverse activitie s in mind. Cisco Systems (2003) further mentioned that Berkeley Software distribution (BSD) UNIX included TCP/IP later and since then the Internet and World Wide Web (WWW) are based on this foundation (Cisco Systems, 2003, ch 35, p.569). Cisco Systems (2003) discovered that the policies and documentation of the Internet protocols are stated in technical reports. These reports are called as Request For Comments (RFCs). They were first published and after that they were reviewed by the Internet community. Protocol refinements are brought out by the new RFCs (Cisco Systems, 2003, ch 35, p.569). According to Cisco Systems (2003), the internet protocol is a network layer. It is made of addressing information and some control information. These information set the route of the packets. It is the primary layer protocol accepted in RFC 791. IP is the central pump of Internet protocols in conjunction with Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). It has two main responsibilities: best delivery of datagram through an internet work; and providing fragmentation of datagram to support data links with the help of different maximum transmission unit (MTU) sizes (Cisco Systems, ch.35, p.570, 2003). Ipv4 Internet Protocol version 4, which is Ipv4, is an arrangement of addresses that is used to spot devices on a network. This protocol was developed in 1981 in RFC791. It has been the most popular internet protocol layer that is used extensively. At present it is used by a large number of people to connect to the internet (Ipv6 Act Now, Para 1).Advertising Looking for essay on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ipv4 addresses contain 32 –bit numbers. It means there are approximately 4 billion addresses. At the same time it also has become obvious that more addresses will be needed for the growth of internet.Ipv4 addresses are supposed to be run out in the next two years that is why it’s alternative which is Ipv6 i s needed for the proper arrangement of the messages (Ipv6 Act Now, Para 2). Ipv6 Internet Protocol Version 4 is very well accepted widely today but it is doubtful whether it can serve internet community or not. As it was developed in 1970s, it is now supposed to be very old. Now the most up-to-date Internet protocol is Ipv6. The RFCs available on the internet do not have many details on the performance of Ipv6. It is very difficult to understand these documents at the first time. They also need some commitment to go through RFCs number which is associated with many subjects concerned with Ipv6 development. There are controversies to consider Ipv6 as a standard protocol because it lacks addressing. Many specialists believe that Ipv4 already has approximately four billion addresses. Government agencies and large organizations receive multiple large blocks in spite of the large number of these addresses. Ipv6 can solve many problems but it is still not developed properly (Cisco Systems , ch.36, p.589, 2003). Since 1990s Ipv6 is being worked by many Engineers. Many RFCs have been written on many areas like simplified header format, expanded addressing and privacy (Cisco Systems, ch.36, p.589, 2003). Cisco Systems (2003) describe that expanded addressing includes 128-bit addressing method that is different from 32-bit address. This addressing system supports newer broadcasting methods and inserts hexadecimal into the IP address. Cisco Systems (2003) further says that Ipv6 packet header is 40 bits long and the format includes Destination Address, Version, Payload Field, Label Class, Flow, Hop Limit, Source Address, Next Header and Payload Length. (Cisco Systems, ch.36, p.589, 590,2003). Though Ipv4 is easily implemented, interoperable and robust and has been tested on scaling an internet work, yet this initial design did not expect the following things (Introduction to Ipv6, 2005, Para 1): The growth of internet and the imminent exhaustion of the Ipv4 address space: Ipv4 addresses have become very limited. In Introduction to Ipv6 (2005, Para 2) it is mentioned that some of the organizations unwillingly make use of a network address translator for arranging multiple private addresses which happen on a single public IP address. NATs support recycling of the private address space but they do not favor standards-based network layer. Two organizations can face problems while being connected and using the private address space. Now it is being assumed that growing importance of internet connected devices can diminish the public Ipv4 address space (Introduction to Ipv6, 2005, Para 2). According to Introduction to Ipv6 (para3, 2005), the ability of internet backbone routers for maintaining large routing tables: The present Ipv4 internet routing infrastructure takes account of both flat and hierarchical routing. (Introduction to Ipv6, 2005, Para 3). Simpler Configuration requirement: Introduction to Ipv6 (Para 4, 2005) focuses on the recent Ipv4 implem entations and mentions that they should be either manually or through a stateful address configuration protocol like Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). Since more computers and devices use IP, easier and more automatic configuration of addresses is necessary. There is a need of such kind of arrangement which do not depend on the management of a DHCP infrastructure (Introduction to Ipv6, 2005, Para 4). IP level needs security at some levels: The internet is the public means for private communication. It needs encryption services which protect the data sent from viewed during transmission (Introduction to Ipv6, 2005, Para 5). Better support for real time delivery of data is also required: In Introduction to Ipv6 (Para 6, 2005) it is mentioned that Ipv4 has some standards for quality of service (QoS) where real time traffic support depends on the Ipv4 Type of Service (TOS) field and the identification of the payload. It further says that it has been observed that the role of T OS in Ipv4 is very not as much as necessary rather it has different explanations. (Introduction to Ipv6, 2005, Para 6). In Introduction to Ipv6 (Para 7, 2005) it is mentioned that the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is concerned with the limitations of Ipv4 as mentioned above so it has developed a suite of protocols and standards which is popular as IP Version 6 (Ipv6).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Policies and Documentation: IPv4 vs. IPv6 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It further tells that Ipv6 was previously named as IP-The next Generation (Ipng). It gives attention to updating the Ipv4 protocol by including many proposed methods. It is globally planned to give less effect on upper and lower layer protocols by not following the illogical addition of new features (Introduction to Ipv6, 2005, Para 7). Ipv6 has some innovative broadcasting methods as follows: Unicast: It is a communication amid a single host and receiver. Packets which are sent to a Unicast address are delivered to the interface that is known to the address (Cisco Systems, 2003, ch.36, p.591). Sadao Yamaguchi (2003) discover that it was not at all clear in Ipv4 either a network interface or a node has been assigned an address but Ipv6 explicitly describes that an address is put together on each network interface. Sadao Yamaguchi (2003) states that Ipv6 unicast address can be separated by scopes: Global scope is for worldly communication; site scope is for site and link scope is for local link. It has uses within a router boundary (Sadao Yamaguchi, 2003, Para 5 6). Multicast: Sadao Yamaguchi (2003) affirms that multicast is built up for a multicast group. A particular multicast group can trace multiple nodes and then the group can be given out a multicast address. Sadao Yamaguchi (2003) further mentions that the multicast addresses will be precised through the broadcasting nodes and then it will send pack ets to all nodes in the multicast group. Scopes like global, organization-local, site-local, node-local and link-local can be associated with this feature (Sadao Yamaguchi, 2003, Para 1, 2 6). The Ipv4 has small space for address though in Ipv6 multicast can be conducted more freely (Sadao Yamaguchi, 2003, Para 1, 2 6). Anycast: Sadao Yamaguchi (2003) describes that Anycast address is newly introduced in Ipv6. It has some specific functions. Nodes and interface are not distributed to it. It sends packet to the adjacent node in the group. Its activity is just opposite to the function of multicast. A specific address range is not distributed here. To a certain extent it is given unicast address range. It has three scopes which are similar to unicast address but its use is no very clear. (Sadao Yamaguchi, 2003, Para 1, 2 3). Ipv4 vs. Ipv6 There are many variations between Internet Protocol Version 4 and Internet Protocol Version 6 however the main difference is in the length of add ress (Amit Vartak, 2007). For finding out differences between these two versions of internet protocol, we will first analyze the characteristics of Ipv4 and then we will examine the characteristics of Ipv6 (Ipv4 vs. Ipv6: Guides and Tutorials, 2008). Characteristics of Ipv4 Its addresses are as long as 32 bits. Ipsec support is discretionary in Ipv4. A checksum is found in header. Its header is not well-known to the packet flow. Here routers and sending host both divide packets Header has some choices to be made. Internet Group Management Protocol supervises local subnet groups’ membership. Address Resolution Protocol makes use of broadcast frames to determine an IP address. Broadcast addresses manage the traffic to all nodes. For deciding the Ipv4 address, ICMP router discovery is used. It must be built up either by manually or by DHCP. It uses host address (A) resource records in Domain Name System for Ipv4 addresses’ host name Ipv4 vs. Ipv6: Guides and Tutorials (2 008) discover that Ipv4 uses pointer resource records I the IN-ADDR ARPA DNS domain for Ipv4 addresses to host names. Characteristics of Ipv6 Its addresses are as long as 128 bits. Its header has a field called Flow Label that recognizes packet flow. Here sending host fragments packets and routers do not fragment packets. Checksum are not found in its header. Ipv6 extension headers contain all optional data. The resolution of IP addresses depend upon Multicast Neighbor Solicitation messages. Multicast Listener Discovery takes charge of the local subnet groups. For deciding the Ipv4 address, ICMPv6 Router Solicitation and Router Advertisement Messages are used. They are not discretionary. It uses a link local scope. It does not need manual configuration or DHCP. It uses host address (AAA) resource records in Domain Name System for Ipv6 addresses’ host names. Ipv4 vs. Ipv6: Guides and Tutorials (2008) discover that Ipv6 uses pointer resource records in the IP6 ARPA DNS domain for Ipv4 addresses to host names. Conclusion The population of the world is compelling to switch from Ipv4 to Ipv6. It’s all happening due to the growth in population. It is assumed that in future almost all the vehicles will be networked to use Onstar or other navigational devices and that time IP’s will be required. Looking at these situations we need more exclusive IP’s than we have at present (Ipv4 vs. Ipv6- ipv6 the future, 2005, Para 4). References Cisco Systems (2003) Internetworking technologies handbook (p.1078), Edition: 4, Cisco Press. Web. Introduction to IPv6 (2005), Microsoft TechNet. Web. IPv4 vs. IPv6: Guides and Tutorials (2008), TechArena Community. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More IPv4 vs. IPv6- IPv6 the future (2005). Web. Vartak, Amit (2007) IPv4 vs. IPv6, Security Beta. Web. What is Ipv4? Ipv4 Act Now. Web. Yamaguchi, Sadao (2003), Unicast, Multicast and Anycast, Ipv6style. Web. This essay on The Policies and Documentation: IPv4 vs. IPv6 was written and submitted by user IronLad to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Into the Wild free essay sample

Getting Ready to Read Into the Wild is a nonfiction, full-length text by Jon Krakauer. Published in 1996, it is based on an article Krakauer wrote in Outside Magazine about Christopher McCandless, a young college graduate who went off to Alaska and died in the woods. Because Krakauer’s article drew a huge amount of mail to the magazine, he decided to write a book about this interesting character. He’s a young, idealistic guy who forms a life philosophy based on his experience and his reading in college. His idealism, ironically, leads to his death by starvation. He makes choices that seem foolish as we look at them now. But McCandless genuinely loved the outdoors and wanted to live in the world without all the trappings of money and his middle-class upbringing. Into the Wild is, in a way, a mystery story. We’re unsure as to why he rejects his family, why he’s so angry with them, and why he chooses to head for Alaska. We will write a custom essay sample on Into the Wild or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Quickwrite: * Think about your experience hiking, backpacking, and/or existing in the wild. What are the benefits of any one of these activities? or * Think about some alternative plans you might have to beginning college immediately after high school. What might you do? Why would you do it, and for how long could you see yourself doing that activity? or * Think about an experience you have had when you were alone and made some misjudgments that could have led to disaster but didn’t (it doesn’t have to be in the outdoors). What miscalculations did you make and how did you avert disaster? Activity 2: Introducing Key Concepts We know about characters from their actions, their thoughts, what they say, heir appearance, and what others say about them. This book explores a character, Chris McCandless, and the actions he takes. Before reading about him, complete this pre-reading activity. Read the scenarios below and use specific words to describe the character in the scenario. In groups, you will compare your lists, then turn in your finalized list of descriptive words to your teacher. Mary was from the Valley. She used the word â€Å"like† in front of most of her adjectives when she spoke and talked quite a bit. On her 16th birthday she expected to get a car. It was a given. Her friends thought she would get a pink Maserati, but she was sure her parents would buy her the candy-apple red Alfa Romeo. The day of her birthday came, and as she peered out her bedroom window, she noticed a new car in the driveway, but it was yellow—surely not hers. She thought it may have been the new cleaning woman’s. She did not see any other car in the long driveway. She ran down to get a closer look. It was a new canary-colored convertible Volkswagen bug. On the front driver’s-side seat was a birthday note to her. She burst into tears and ran into the house. What does this mean? Are all biographers impartial? What might we expect from Krakauer? * In the last paragraph, Krakauer introduces the complexity of Chris McCandless. Keep in mind the following four questions as you read the text: 1 Should we admire McCandless for his courage and noble ideas? 2 Was he a reckless idiot? 3 Was he crazy? 4 Was he an arrogant and stupid narcissist? Activity 4: Making Predictions and Ask Questions (Extra Credit) * Find an issue of Outside Magazine and write a one-page report describing the magazine, its audience, the kinds of articles it publishes, and so forth. Then ask yourself these questions: * Why do you think Krakauer wrote this particular book? * Who do you think is the intended audience for this book? Note that the book’s roots can be found in a long article about McCandless in Outside Magazine. Activity 6: First Reading Quickwrites (5 minutes) After you finish each chapter, write down what you think the chapter’s main focus is and what the author is trying to accomplish in that chapter. Here are some other questions to ask yourself:  · What are the issues the author is discussing? (this is basically a summary). What does the author want us to believe? this is the author’s purpose) Because you will be given directed tasks as you read Into the Wild, you will need to flip back and forth in this guide. For example, you might read chapters 1 and 2, practice a reading strategy, skip to the section on vocabulary for those chapters, skip on to the section that gives you strategies for rereading, and so forth. Reading Chapters 1 and 2: The Beginning and the End Note the epigraphs that begin each of these chapters. One is by a friend of Chris McCandless and the other is by McCandless, followed by a quotation from White Fang, by Jack London. In a notebook, keep track of the literary quotations that Krakauer uses in his epigraphs. Make note of all the maps that begin the text. * What is your assessment of Chris McCandless so far? Keep notes as you read, ask questions of the text, and write down your reactions. Reading Chapter 3: Home Jot down your thoughts on the following questions: * What was Westerberg like? What kind of character did he have? * What was McCandless like? What kind of character did he have? Would you have liked to know him? Reading Chapters 4–7: The Journey Study the map that begins Chapter 4 and refer to it as you follow McCandless’s journey. Jot down answers to the following as you read these chapters: * In your notebook, list the people McCandless met along the way. * What was it about McCandless’s personality that made an impression on people? * Note Alex’s journal. Why do you think he avoided using the first person when he talked about himself? (He did not use â€Å"I. †) * What is the purpose of Chapter 4? * Characterize Ronald Franz. What kind of a human being was he? Did he have your sympathy? Why or why not? * What more did you learn about Alex’s relationship with his father? Do you think his anger is justified? Why or why not? Reading Chapters 8–10: The Outcasts * What is the function of these chapters? What is their relationship to the rest of the text? * Why did Krakauer interrupt the McCandless story with Chapters 8 and 9? * Were you surprised that McCandless left trails so that the authorities could find out who he was? * What’s in a name? Does it matter that we have the name we were given by our parents? How do names matter? Does your name fit you? If not, what name would you choose? Why? Reading Chapters 11–13: Family History These three key chapters give background information that will help you piece together the mystery of McCandless. Chapter 11 fills in his personal past; Chapter 12 fills in his family past; and Chapter 13 chronicles McCandless’s family’s grief. Jot down the surprises (if any) that you encountered as you read. * What was McCandless like as a child and as a teen? What was he like as an adult? Were there indications throughout his life as to the kind of person he would become? * Do you think you are essentially the same person you were as a child? How have you changed? Reading Chapters 14 and 15: Krakauer Interjects * Why does Krakauer talk about himself in these two chapters? Do you like his interjections? What is your reaction to his description of his own climbing experience? * How is Krakauer’s life related to McCandless’s? * John Menlove Edwards said that climbing is a â€Å"psycho-neurotic tendency. † Do you think that is so? Always? * Do you think that Edwards defines McCandless? How is he psycho-neurotic? Reading Chapters 16–18: Into the Alaskan Wild Go back to the author’s notes and jot down your thoughts on the questions Krakauer asks at that point: * Was McCandless crazy? * Was he just ignorant? * Did he have a death wish? * Investigate further the wild sweet peas and wild potatoes McCandless ate. Were they toxic? Reading the Epilogue: Grief * What was your initial sense of McCandless’s mental condition compared to what you think now? Have you changed your mind? * What was your reaction to his parents as they visited the bus? Activity 7: Looking Closely at Language Because this reading is a full-length book, there are many new words to learn. You learn most of the words you know from hearing them or reading them. Here are some clues to help you learn new words as you are reading. 1 Notice what comes before and after the word for clues as well as the parts of the word itself you may already know. Link your prior knowledge with what you are reading—make connections to the word or subject. 3 Make predictions about the word’s meaning. 4 Use references to find more about the word. 5 Make connections to a key concept and, if relevant, place the new word and its meaning in your concept dictionary. Activity 8: Rereading the Text Our first reading of a book gives us the story line, the major conflicts, and a sense of what the author intends. The second (or third) reading provides richer analyses and a deeper understanding of the text. In the author’s notes, Krakauer provides a guide to our reading—especially to our subsequent reading of Into the Wild. As you look at the text again, go back to the four questions he asks in his â€Å"notes. † 1 Was McCandless admirable for his courage and noble ideas? 2 Was he a reckless idiot? 3 Was he crazy? 4 Was he a narcissist who perished out of arrogance and stupidity—and was he undeserving of the considerable media attention he received? Make marginal notes as you reread the text. When you respond to the chapter questions, cite the text, if necessary, where you find evidence for your judgments. Chapters 1 and 2 Each chapter begins with a short epigraph (a quotation that is relevant to that chapter). Now that you have a better sense of Chris McCandless’s story, why do you think these epigraphs are relevant to these chapters? Chapter 3 * How would you characterize McCandless’s relationships with other people: his parents, his sister, Westerberg? * What did his friends make of his secretive life? Chapters 4–7 As you read, see if you can find evidence of Alex’s preparation for Alaska: Read Thoreau’s â€Å"On the Duty of Civil Disobedience† and consider how Alex might have incorporated Thoreau’s advice into his life philosophy. Read some of Jack London’s work that we know influenced Alex: The Call of the Wild, White Fang, â€Å"To Build a Fire,† â€Å"An Odysse  Consider McCandless’s family history. * Does that change your view of him? * Characterize each of McCandless’s family members. What are their strengths and weaknesses? * Was McCandless reasonable in his reaction to his parents’ past? Should he have forgiven them? * How do you think the information about his parents affected McCandless? * Does his anger at them explain something about McCandless’s choices in life? * Chapter 12 ends with McCandless’s mother talking about a dream (nightmare? ) that she had. Have you ever had such a thing happen to you? Should we take dreams such as these seriously. Into the Wild free essay sample In the world of journalism, there is a code of ethics known as journalistic integrity, which when followed, ensures that the work done by journalists meets certain standards. Journalistic integrity includes fair, unbiased material with truth and accuracy. This is a tough job, and journalists sometimes let their own experiences and opinions interfere with journalistic integrity. A very obvious example of this is Jon Krakauer’s account of the odyssey of Chris McCandless: Into the Wild. He shows a lack of objectivity, along with a lack of impartiality, based off of his obsession with the American Spirit. We will write a custom essay sample on Into the Wild or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is very easy to notice this lack of objectivity and impartiality throughout the book. Throughout Into the Wild, Krakauer uses examples of the â€Å"American Spirit,† and applies it to both his life and Chris McCandless’s. When he was writing the book, Krakauer felt a connection to Chris because of their similarities, including the American Spirit. This connection brought a lot of criticism to Krakauer, because it made it hard for him to say anything negative about Chris. There are several examples of Krakauer’s American Spirit, which was overall shown through his thrill for adventure. Krakauer shows that in his youth he â€Å"†¦ devoted most of my waking hours to fantasizing about, and then undertaking, ascents of remote mountains in Alaska† (Krakauer 134). What he means here is that he always had a hunger for climbing. He also shows off his thrill for adventure here: â€Å"How would it feel, I wondered, to be balanced on that bladelike summit ridge, worrying over the storm clouds building in the distance† (Krakauer 133). This quote really stands out, as he is attracted to what most people fear. Like many people, he â€Å"†¦was stirred by the dark mystery of mortality† (Krakauer 155). In other words, he was interested in and embraced the fact that at some point his life would end, and he had no idea when. Krakauer’s parents had a different version of the American Spirit. Krakauer states that he and his siblings â€Å"†¦were hectored to excel in every class, to win medals in science fairs, to be chosen princess of the prom, to win election to student government† (Krakauer 148). As you can see here, his parents had very different ideas for Krakauer’s life than he did. Throughout the book, Krakauer seems to glorify most of McCandless’s actions, even a lot of the illogical ones. He is so impartial because in lot of ways he sees himself in Chris, so he only wanted to focus on the smart and brave things that he did. You can tell that Krakauer sees himself in McCandless from the way he compares himself to him; at one point he states that â€Å"†¦Like McCandless, figures of male authority aroused in me a confusing medley of corked fury and hunger to please† (Krakauer 134). This shows that he hated society, yet he still cared about what people thought about him. When it comes to objectivity, Krakauer does not do a very good job; at many points he puts himself into the story, such as here: â€Å"As a youth, I am told, I was willful, intermittently reckless, moody† (Krakauer 134). In this quote, he is also comparing himself to McCandless; this is furthermore showing that he is bias. He even has chapters about himself going though his own personal experiences, which is a lack of objectivity. Also, whenever he does talk about McCandless, he often inserts his own opinions into the story. From his opinions, it makes it very obvious that Krakauer admires almost everything that McCandless did during his odyssey. While Krakauer is obviously a strong supporter of McCandless and his great adventure, he also tells it accurately. Even though he makes attempts to justify the extremely stupid and reckless things that McCandless did on his journey, Krakauer still does in fact mention all of, or at least most of, the stupid and reckless things that Chris did on his journey. He includes the opinions of many of McCandless’s critics, along with many of his supporters. Krakauer also includes many of McCandless’s journal entries throughout the book, with some very long, and others as short as â€Å"MOOSE! † (Krakauer 166). McCandless wrote this when he shot a moose, which he later recalled as one of the worst tragedies of his life, because the moose quickly spoiled. While Krakauer does in fact make his story accounting the life of Chris McCandless accurate, he also certainly fails to make it impartial and unbiased. He seems to justify all of Chris’s mistakes poorly conceived plans. The fact that Krakauer used this technique likely drove people away from the book; it is also likely that this pulled other people towards the book. Overall, this book is bias, yet it still has accurate and honest accounts. Throughout all of Into the Wild Krakauer seems to have no regards for the rules of journalistic integrity. As a result, the reader does not get a full, genuine portrayal of Chris McCandless’s journey; they instead see McCandless through the eyes of Krakauer, which is overall just a reflection of Krakauer himself. As a result of Krakauer’s lack of ability to leave himself out of the story, along with his personal opinions of McCandless, the biography completely lacks the integrity of journalism. Into The Wild free essay sample Into the Wild tells so much about the person Chris Mishandles was, his story, and the tragedy of it all. But only a few chapters explain how he became the way he did and how It led him to do some of the things he did. He thought differently, worked at a deferent pace, and embraced life unlike any other. But, why? Many things In Chris life shaped him and made him the way he was before his tragic ending. Chris was always fearless. On page 109, It talks about how Chris father, Walt, took Chris on a three day hike, when he was eight, In the Shenandoah to climb Old Rag.Then Walt talks about how himself, his wife, kids from the other marriage, and Chris went to climb Long Peaks In Colorado. At 13,000 feet, Walt wanted to turn around and go back but Chris wanted to keep going. He wouldve risked the dangerous path. We will write a custom essay sample on Into The Wild or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Even later on, when he left to Alaska, he would take risks and do dangerous things. Walt had said, He didnt think the odds applied to him. He had no fears, and he did what he wanted. Chris never followed rules nor listened to anyone. He did his own thing at his own pace and the majority of the time, he was better at it than anyone else.But hed also et into trouble. Chris got an F in high school physics because he refused to write a paper in the format the teacher wanted. This same characteristic can be seen later on during his trip, when he worked at McDonalds, he would work at a slow pace all the time but hed always show up on time. He got into the habit of doing things how he wanted to do them when he was younger and thats how it always stayed. Chris friend, Giggler, explained how he would think a lot about heavy-duty stuff. It seems that Chris always wants to help and do things that are farther than his reach and bigger than him.His friends talk about how hed walk around Washington talking to prostitutes and homeless people. He once tried to convince his friends to help stop the racial oppression in South Africa. He was a dreamer, and that affected everything he did. In conclusion, throughout his whole life, Chris was always the same person. He was fearless and never followed rules. He followed his own path and did things at his own pace. He thought a lot about deep things, and he was a dreamer. Even later on, during his adventure across the country, we read about these same characteristics In the things he does and the people he talked to.He was an unique Individual. How it led him to do some of the things he did. He thought differently, worked at a different pace, and embraced life unlike any other. But, why? Many things in Chris Chris was always fearless. On page 109, it talks about how Chris father, Walt, took Chris on a three day hike, when he was eight, in the Shenandoah to climb Old Rag. Went to climb Long Peaks in Colorado. At 13,000 feet, Walt wanted to turn around and during his adventure across the country, we read about these same characteristics in the things he does and the people he talked to. He was an unique individual.

Free Essays on Terrorism & America

Terrorism & America Terrorism wasn’t something that Americans thought much of up until the 1990’s. Prior to the 90’s, Americans felt secure against any major political violence at home. Since then, we have been introduced to growing ways of our vulnerability. With 9/11 and the Oklahoma City bombings in 1995 killing 169 has raised the possibility of a sustained campaign of violence on U.S. soil. There hasn’t been a war on U.S. soil since the Civil War. The problem with terrorism now is that we don’t know what to expect. The hostility built up mostly in the Middle East has yet to seriously backfire on us. We have to understand what terrorism is and how to deal with it in order to take part in counter terrorism. Terrorist’s actions aren’t considered acts of war. Rather, proof that they can beat us and get away at it. Webster’s Third International Dictionary defines terrorism as  ¹the systematic use of terror as a means of coercion.  ²An atmosphere of threat or violence. What Americans really think of when something like 9/11 or the Oklahoma City bombings happen is, why? Definition What terrorism really is as far as the U.S. government sees it is, â€Å"premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence and audience.† This definition has four main elements. The first, premeditation, means there must be an intent and prior decision to commit the act that would qualify as terrorism. It isn’t a matter of accident. The second element, political motivation, is what all terrorists have in common and separates them from other violent criminals, it is the claim to be serving some greater good. The noncombatant target element explains itself. Terrorists attack people who cannot defend themselves with violence in return. The final part of terrorism deals with sub national groups. This would be a... Free Essays on Terrorism & America Free Essays on Terrorism & America Terrorism & America Terrorism wasn’t something that Americans thought much of up until the 1990’s. Prior to the 90’s, Americans felt secure against any major political violence at home. Since then, we have been introduced to growing ways of our vulnerability. With 9/11 and the Oklahoma City bombings in 1995 killing 169 has raised the possibility of a sustained campaign of violence on U.S. soil. There hasn’t been a war on U.S. soil since the Civil War. The problem with terrorism now is that we don’t know what to expect. The hostility built up mostly in the Middle East has yet to seriously backfire on us. We have to understand what terrorism is and how to deal with it in order to take part in counter terrorism. Terrorist’s actions aren’t considered acts of war. Rather, proof that they can beat us and get away at it. Webster’s Third International Dictionary defines terrorism as  ¹the systematic use of terror as a means of coercion.  ²An atmosphere of threat or violence. What Americans really think of when something like 9/11 or the Oklahoma City bombings happen is, why? Definition What terrorism really is as far as the U.S. government sees it is, â€Å"premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence and audience.† This definition has four main elements. The first, premeditation, means there must be an intent and prior decision to commit the act that would qualify as terrorism. It isn’t a matter of accident. The second element, political motivation, is what all terrorists have in common and separates them from other violent criminals, it is the claim to be serving some greater good. The noncombatant target element explains itself. Terrorists attack people who cannot defend themselves with violence in return. The final part of terrorism deals with sub national groups. This would be a...

CLA labor of hero Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CLA labor of hero - Essay Example With regard to their births, Herakles, therefore, was superior in strength to Theseus as he hailed from a union between man and god (Powell, 2012). Herakles labors resulted as a punishment for his murdering of his wife – princess Megara and all their children albeit with madness bestowed upon him by Hera. Theseus labors, on the other hand, were because of his quest to claim his birthright by taking the sword and sandals back to King Aegeus (Powell, 2012). Both Herakles and Theseus were faced with labors, which they overcame despite everyone expecting them to fail. Herakles endured twelve labors while Theseus was faced with six labors. Herakles transcended his labors purely due to sheer strength while Theseus succeeded primarily due to his wit. Besides, Herakles was at most times supported by deities – Hermes and Athena - whenever he needed them while Theseus never had the support of deities. The hero-myth dichotomy refers to the hero’s movement from the normal world, into the supernatural facet where challenges are encountered and transcended, and finally the hero comes back to help men. The hero-myth has key markers such as one divine parent – for example Zeus in the case of Herakles. Another key characteristic of the hero-myth is that the birth of the hero may be unusual – such as in the case of Herakles where his birth was delayed by the intervention of Hera. Another key marker of the hero-myth is the great strength that the hero possesses – for instance – Perseus who kills the monster Medusa. Almost all of the Greek mythical heroes were male. This orientation depicted the state of affairs at the time in Greece where males were assumedly warriors while the females were expected to handle house chores and bring up children. One of the key roles of the male heroes was to deliver society from the enclaves of suffering, as well as suffering. In addition, the male heroes’

Electrical Energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Electrical Energy - Essay Example This have made the technologists to search for more energy efficient practices and hence could achieve major break through in energy efficiency as it is reported that the efficiency have really doubled since 1954. The reports available show that the fuel mix has more or less remained constant since 1980 (Lave, 291). According to the reports of U.S. Department of energy, half the quantity f electricity generated is from coal, nuclear plants account for 20 percent of the generated electricity, while hydroelectric plants contributes 7 percent and finally renewable energy and petroleum products account for 2 percent each. The significant thrust has been given by most of the state administrations to maximize the use of the renewables. But the major challenge in the use of renewables is said to be absence of feasible electricity storage system. The estimates say that according to the prevailing conditions 8 to 10 hours of sunlight is adequate to generated electricity for 24 hours but lack of efficient and low cost units to store this energy is the major drawback (Lave, 291). So is the case of wind energy also. The availability of wind and period of electricity demand don't match, the wind in required manner are not available especially during the summer months when the electricity demand is at its peak.

Rational Choice Theory Human Essay Example for Free

Rational Choice Theory Human Essay Kidnapping John was an ordinary struggling employee of a newspaper firm. One cannot tell by appearances what the mind is capable of, or is it situations that can arouse criminal intelligence in any one of us. However, it is when thoughts transform into actions that crime is committed and what is it that causes this transformation: opportunity. Crime Script John sat thinking of possible options. It has been a mistake to switch two jobs in three years. Not only did he not have a decent designation, he barely made enough to sustain himself, let alone repay the 00 loan installments. Mr. Woolmar, the Boss, did not even know his full name properly in the six months that he had worked, let alone give him any financial help. He would have to do something drastic, something quick and maybe even something illegal. And it would have to be alone. Nothing in office, there were too many cameras. The next-door neighbours just had a baby kidnapping? Yes, but not a baby. Rob someone, take their cash, ATM, and car. Parking lots are good for that, no police, and hardly any public to get alerted and call 911. Yes, parking lots, that is where most crimes are committed, at least in the movies. Resources and setting up John required first of all, a gun. The only person whom he knew had a gun was his colleague, Sarah, who after attempted burglary at her residence had obtained an official permit to keep a gun for self-defense. He mentioned having to write an article on gun engineering and asked if he could borrow it for a few hours†¦office time only. He would take it at twelve ‘o clock, study the components, and return it at five before she leaves for home. Sarah, as her permit allowed her to carry the gun on her person, bought it to office the next day. All he cared about was that it was small in size, not too visible in his coat. Could have been a toy gun, some do look scarier than the real thing. The mask was cut out of a ladies polo neck shirt that he had bought at Labels yesterday, two holes for the eyes, a little slit for breathing and one for talking. Black, and cotton, he did not want the stifling nervous feeling to make him faint. A sports bag, to carry everything and sports gear, to look like: ‘I have just left gym and an going home. ’ This disguise also allowed him to wear joggers, which made less noise as he approached. Another factor that made him soundless was the linoleum floor of the parking lot. Linoleum is especially designed to absorb noise and shock from car tyres so that parking lots are serene. Little did floor manufacturers know how this ‘benefit’ would transform into a security hazard. He had also chosen a parking area that is mostly vacant during office lunch hours. A block away from his office was Hallman’s Securities: home to few of the richest brokers in the city. These were people who had it all and more. For them, a few thousand dollars amiss would not matter. All this was information gained from his very own newspaper articles. Actors and doing it As soon as it was One, John changed into his sports gear in the restroom, signed out ‘Gone for lunch’ walked two blocks down and started jogging as he approached the parking lot. A few stretches and he even smiled at a few lady lawyers walking out with their coffee flasks who waved back distracted. Most cars he had noticed parked in the morning, as he had stopped on his way to office, were not there. The red BMW was missing, it had particularly caught his attention because of its shine. The guard on duty was nowhere to be seen, lunch hours for everyone, hopefully. He continued with his stretches and hoped for the gentleman who had parked his Vitz at exactly 8:45, at the other end, to come out after a few more minutes when the movement died down. And there he was, navy blue shirt, maroon tie, grey trousers and the salt and pepper hair. Not really elderly enough to make John feel guilty, more of a younger wealthy CEO variety. John could now understand ‘rob the rich, give to the poor. ’ Ducking under the fichus undergrowth, John quickly put on his mask and sprinted to the other end. The gentleman nonchalantly put the keys in the lock, the rustling of leaves in the wind providing further cover to Johns hurried arrival. It was only â€Å"I have a gun, do as I say! ’ that made him stop, stiffen and put his hands up. â€Å"Get into the car, fast, don’t look back! † and John crouched low in the back seat. Once in the car, he could talk more, explain his situation, now that the gun was out of the view. â€Å"Give me your wallet, watch, and anything else that you are carrying! And you had better not hold anything back or else † said John as he poked the nozzle into his ribs. But the white-faced man was too shocked to comply. â€Å"Can’t you hear me?!! † and the second jolt startled his poor victim into action. John felt like an actor in a play. He had to force the ruthlessness into his voice; it was not coming naturally. Maybe that is how all criminals feel the first time. He wished he had not started this, but it was too late now, he had started committing the offence, might as well go all the way and reap the reward. At least he could thank his oratory skills for not fumbling with the words or faltering in volume to give away his own apprehensions. â€Å"Now you have to drive to the nearest ATM, NORMALLY, smile at people as they pass, NO ONE MUST SUSPECT, YOU UNDERSTAND! † said John, and the car started. Both the villain and the victim were on auto-pilot, like a robot drove the grey-haired man, knowing exactly where to turn, to stop at red lights, stare straight ahead, not looking here or there. John kept his gaze and nozzle fixated at his victim, ignoring the need to look around lest he give away the game. It was a slow mechanical drive. The car stopped at the ATM. It was one of those booth varieties. â€Å"I will wait outside† said John. â€Å"Take out your maximum and be out in two minutes, or I will come and shoot you inside. † Those two minutes seemed like eternity. John kept looking at his watch. What if the man had two cell phones, and had given John only one. What if he will look up the window and see a blue uniform holding a gun at him? A girl passed by the pavement, oblivious of everything except the tune in her I-pod. Then he heard the thud of the booth and saw a flash of Navy blue. Alerted to his teeth, he only breathed as he realized it was his fellow, not the cops. The man turned around and handed the cash. â€Å"That was all the limit allowed. † Silence as John counted the nine hundred and fifty dollars. Add that to the six hundred in the wallet, the five hundred the Tissot would go for, John realized that he would have to execute Part B of the plan, steal the car. Anyway it would be better to have the car to drive off in than to have to disappear from the crime on foot. â€Å"Drive and stop where I tell you! † China town was what John had in mind, there were less phone booths and more Chinese than American in that area. It would take longer for an American to get help there than anywhere else in New York. Jumping onto the passenger seat, John shouted’ â€Å"Get Out! † at the back alley. Yanking the mask off and driving at full speed John neither looked left or right as he speeded to the little repair shop run by the Mexican who had repaired the almost falling-apart foxy belonging to his Indian friend, Ranjeet. That was the only place he had ever seen a shady deal done, when suddenly a brand new Volvo was deposited by two high schoolers who walked away with cash in their pockets and smiles on their faces. The economic and emotional decadence that had disgusted him then, seemed so all right and understandable now. A crime does not feel like a crime if your needs are greater than the needs of your victim. Here too, the actions seemed rehearsed. Stop the car near the garage, walk inside, but a cigarette and open the packet to find the 4 smokes and the amount the Mexican feels is appropriate for the new arrival. Which was appropriate for John as well: A full two thousand and five hundred dollars. He may even give four hundred to charity to wash away his sin. He was just waiting for a taxi as he saw the Vitz being slowly pushed into the repair shop and the gate being closed. A few directions to the Indian cab driver, a speedy drive to office, a rush to the restroom where John changed back into his office attire, leaving the clothes and joggers in the huge trash bin, John was back at his desk at 2:15. â€Å"Rather early lunch? Was it a date? † asked Bob, his colleague â€Å"Yeah, sort of† said John as he finished formatting the article on why it is dangerous to polish guns on your own inside the house. â€Å"Here Sarah, thanks a lot, how do u use this thing? † Rational Choice Theory Human beings are rational creatures. That is why God created heaven and hell. We make the right choices there, because God is always watching. But cops are not always watching, so it is possible for would-be criminals to get away with a lot of things since â€Å"where there is a will, there is a way. † Crime arises when motivation meets opportunity. One may have the mind but not the means. If crimes such as Johns are to be prevented, either one or both of these factors would have to be reduced/removed from society. Motivation for crimes of financial nature, such as Johns, arises from need. It is not a case of a rich man trying to get richer by swindling the shareholders of his company. It is performing the big crime of kidnapping for a few thousand dollars. As said ‘Rationality involves an end/means calculation† (Sutton). Kidnappers may face lengthy terms in prison. The harsh sentences imposed and the poor risk-to-benefit ratio compared with other crimes have caused kidnapping for ransom virtually to die out in the United States. It may be that John was not aware of the consequences of getting caught. Here the question arises as to what were the violent actions the loan shark had threatened to take, that provoked John to risk something greater. A loan shark, is someone who illegally charges interest over the states legal limit, which could range up to, or even over 100% and threatens violence or damage to a persons reputation. John could have come clean to the local police and requested for security. However, if the motivating factor was damage to reputation, it would have been disastrous for John as his career as a writer in a newspaper. A more comprehensive approach is needed to reduce the incidence of such crimes. The government may need to create public awareness about the seriousness and penalties of committing various crimes so that the law is not taken lightly in times of stress. The underlying problem, however, is economical. â€Å"With the new decade of 2010 upon us, little has changed and further victimizing seems inevitable as financial desperation increases globally in more households† (Sifakis, 1999). The government must crack down on the loan shark system and introduce schemes of credit borrowing from the State itself depending on merit and below market interest rates. In fact, why not without interest at all? Interest has been looked down upon in a few religions of the world because it makes the poor, poorer and the rich, richer. Had John had access to such a borrowing system, he may not have fallen prey to a local loan shark. John’s situation mentions that he has no family or friends. A very often and sad situation in the new American society is the loneliness of the individual. In other cultures, expenses and liabilities are shared by family members especially those living in a joint family system. Such a system also automatically keeps an emotional check and an eye on every member where deviance in behaviour or mood is immediately noticed. Problems are discussed and sorted out. When society becomes individualistic and there is less and less of a support structure, financial and psychological factors combine to breed crime Motivation is all in the mind. But the body acts only if there is an opportunity. If there is a situation in which the crime can be performed. John chose not to rob a bank because he did not have access to professional assistants. John chose not to defraud his employer because he lacked the IT expertise and there were surveillance cameras in office. He had the motivation for both of these, but did not have the opportunity so the crimes were not committed. Therefore the government needs to focus on situational crime prevention. This includes making public areas safer for people. Parking lots and parks often get deserted. More surveillance cameras must be installed. Security guards must be employed in shifts. Criminals commit crime mostly because they think they will not get caught. A general awareness of crime prevention must be installed in society. Situational crime prevention does not mean obtaining permits for guns. The more guns there are out there, the more the chances of anyone getting hurt. Obviously a gun is made to kill. One in ten will. The danger of it falling into the wrong hands is too great. Guns get jammed and fire at the wrong times. There have been numerous deaths around the world because of guns kept at home. Another factor in urban crime prevention is to assimilate the various ethnicities of a metropolitan into the community whole-heartedly. â€Å"Immediate steps can be taken to reclaim the urban environment and recreate a sense of community. Migrants in multicultural cities, who have internalized the culture conflict between two worlds, can be assisted in gaining new identities and allegiances† (United Nations Team, 1995). Poverty-stricken, derelict areas on the outskirts of metropolitans are like breeding areas or crime ports, where goods can be deposited, sold, purchased out of need but always with a racial revenge in the subconscious. In John’s case the Mexican was a character, which symbolized this mafia. If at the end of his crime, John did not have a place to sell the Vitz, the crime may not have arisen at all, since no one would be carrying four thousand dollars cash anyway. The crime had not been completed until John sold the car. The victim had time to contact the authorities. However, in such situations a victim’s reactions are often late especially if the aggressor is strong or loud. While the victim was inside the ATM booth he could have looked into the CCTV camera and made signs to indicate his situation. A compulsory self-defense course must be introduced at all private and public schools so that victims are at least able to respond for help at the right time and place. This would ensure a lot of criminals being taken off guard. After a crime is committed, it is the States responsibility to punish. â€Å"The Swiftness, Severity, and Certainty of punishment are the key elements in understanding a laws ability to control human behavior† (Keel, 1997). The rational choice theory states that the benefit of the crime is greater than the pain: ‘Choice can be controlled through the perception and understanding of the potential pain or punishment that will follow an act judged to be in violation of the social good, the social contract,† (Lilly, Cullen and Ball, 1995). Whenever a crime attempt is aborted, a criminal punished, the story must flash on the media and be registered into the minds of the public, for human beings learn readily by example. Some societies go to the extent of public floggings and executions, so that all ye may learn. Utilizing the media for the good of the community is a governmental responsibility. The State may do much but it is the power of the people that can also be quite a deterrent to crime. † Self-help schemes have proven highly effective in well-organized communities. Specific crime prevention measures, such as neighbourhood block watches and neighbourhood courts, work best in partnership with local authorities, scrupulously avoiding vigilantism. † (United Nations Team, 1995. ) In many metropolitans, for example in Karachi, citizens have joined hands with the local area police to make their localities / cities safer places to live in; an organization named CPLC (Citizens Police Liaison Committee) with the slogan ‘Lets beat crime together’ has distributed car stickers with phone numbers easily displayed so that anyone who notices anything suspicious may inform it. Conclusion All efforts of the State and citizens alike must be more focused on eradicating ‘the way’ (that is, opportunity) because it is easier to eradicate than ‘the will’ (that is, motivation), which requires a long-term strategy. ‘To err is human† and the devil may open his workshop anywhere but as long as there is no opportunity, crime commission does not occur. The rational choice theory states that motivation and opportunity combine for crime commission. However sometimes motivation is not a factor at all. Even if the State and community are ideal, there are serial killers and psychopaths who commit crimes only because there are opportunities. John had the opportunity to kidnap and commit theft and he would have done it even if he were a serial killer who had a fetish for killing grey-haired men, instead of having been driven to it because of financial problems. Sometimes it is just temptation or the thrill of doing something daring and forbidden, that replaces motivational factors such as poverty or racism. So we may conclude that opportunity of crime can be equal to possibility of crime and though economic and sociological environments must be such that they deter crime, it is more relevant for the authorities to focus on situational crime prevention. References Kopel, D. B. (1995). Guns: who should have them?.. New York: Prometheus books. Keel, R. O. (1997). Rational Choice and Deterrence Theory. Lilly, J. Robert, Cullen, Francis T. and Ball, Richard A. (1995). Criminological Theory: Context and Consequences (2nd ed. ). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc. Sifakis, C. (1999). The Mafia Encyclopedia Checkmark Books Sutton, D, Ronald V. Clarke. Retrieved May 17th, 2010 from http://www. criminology. fsu. edu/crimtheory/clarke. htm United Nations. (1995, April). Stop Crime. Retrieved May 17th, 2010, from http://www. un. org/ecosocdev/geninfo/crime/dpi1646e. htm

Existence of the soul

Existence of the soul Introduction There are a number of big philosophical questions that commonly interest philosophers. Chief among these questions is the existence of the soul. What will become of me when I die? Will I cease to exist or not? And if I do continue to exist will I remain in my current form or that of another life form? These are questions which are frequently discussed when talking about the soul. Platos work on life after death is regarded as one of the very first pieces of written philosophical work on the existence of the soul. Platos Phaedo is an attempt to answer these questions; an attempt to prove that the soul pre-exist the body and that it continues to live after death. Platos Phaedo must therefore be discussed if a conclusion is to be reached on whether the soul pre-exist the body. Much of Platos work, unlike many other philosophical writings, is in dialogue. Platos dialogues are named after the central character, which in this case, is Phaedo. Besides Phaedo, other important characters in t he dialogue are Echecrates with whom the dialogue begins with, Socrates who is the main character in the dialogue, Simmias of Thebes, a follower of the philosopher Pythagoras and Cebes whom also is a follower Pythagoras. Phaedo centres on the death of Socrates, who was sentenced to death in 399BC for corrupting the minds of the youth and denouncing the gods. After the trial, Socrates is in prison waiting to be condemned by drinking Hemlock and this is the point of Platos Phaedo which begins to look at life after death. It is clear that the introductory section of the dialogue takes place from (60a) whereby Socrates after massaging his leg states that pleasure and pain are closely related, despite the fact they are opposites. The point Socrates makes here seems logical as empirical experience shows that people cannot appreciate the ups of life without having the downs. Socrates then goes on to claim that anyone wise will follow him to death, as a wise person or a philosopher long to be released from the body. This is an important point of Platos dialogue as it ignites the discussion of the immortality of the soul. Why would Socrates claim that those who are wise should follow him to death shortly? For Socrates death is simply a release of the soul from the body. Socrates believes that firstly he will be entering the company of good and wise gods and secondly he expects to enter the company of dead people that are better than those still alive, thus it is good to leave life (Daniel Hill lecture notes, 2008). Furthermore the body for Socrates is a hindrance for a philosopher seeking the truth. The bodys demands such as food, drink and sex are not the concerns of a true philosopher and more so the body cannot provide reliable information, our senses constantly deceive us. (A fine examplemaybe example). The truth is the real nature of any given thing i.e. justice in itself, which has never been perceived by anybody. In order to reach the uncontaminated truth one mu st be pure and uncontaminated. Socrates goes as far to say the philosophers occupation consists precisely in the freeing and separation of the soul from body (Daniel Hill lecture notes, 2008). However by arguing this point Socrates is presuming that life exist after death, something which provokes Cebes to raise an objection questioning Socrates line of thought by highlighting that it is widely accepted that when one dies the soul may be released from the body and dispersed like smoke and so destroyed Cebes challenge is one which Socrates must respond to and he does so by producing four arguments to support his claim that the soul is immortal. First is the Argument from Opposites which aims to show the cycle of death and rebirth must go on forever. Secondly is the Theory of Recollection which aims to show that the reasoning part of the soul did exist before birth, thus making it plausible to hold that it will also exist after death. Third is the affinity argument, which concerns its elf too with the reasoning part of the soul, in particular the nature of the Forms and the control of desires. The final argument Plato introduces considers the soul as the cause of life. The Argument of Recollection is what must be discussed in detail due to as stated above it concerns itself with the pre-existence of the soul. Theory of Recollection The Theory of Recollection is introduced by Cebes, who briefly outlines the argument as follows: that all learning is just really recollection and that by recollecting it shows that we must have learned sometime before; which is impossible unless our souls existed somewhere before they entered this human shape. So it seems that the soul is immortal (Daniel Hill Lecture Notes 2008). Simmias then asks Cebes to remind him how the proof of Socrates theory of learning as recollection goes and Cebes provides two reasons. Firstly Cebes puts forth that when people are asked questions, if the question is put in the right way they can answer everything correctly, which they could not possibly do unless they were in possession of knowledge (Daniel Hill Lecture Notes 2008); and secondly if you confront people with a diagram or anything like that, the way in which they react provides the clearest proof that the theory is correct (Daniel Hill Lecture Notes 2008). Cebes argument is very vague; howe ver the point he seems to be trying to make can be understood by using a mathematical question. For example if you were asked, what is 6+33? You would give the answer of 39, yet it is unlikely that you would have learnt that exact sum beforehand, so the fact that you recognised it shows that you must have learnt it in a previous life. Cebes answer for Simminas is allusive thus Plato introduces Socrates to give the argument in full detail. In Phaedo Socrates begins with the suggestion that one can only recollect what one has learnt at some previous point. Socrates too understands that recollection is the process of being reminded of something and uses the example of lovers who are reminded of the person they love, when they recognise a piece of clothing or any other private property owned by their lover (Plato 2003). However to have prior knowledge of all things gained from experience within the world would be absurd, thus Plato outlines what he means is that we have knowledge of abs tract entities or as Plato describes the knowledge of Forms. What does Plato mean by abstract entities or Forms? Plato means entities such as justice, beauty, goodness and holiness etc. The example he gives is equality. Plato writes in Pheado We admit, I suppose, that there is such a thing as equality not equality of stick to stick and stone to stone and so on, but something beyond all that and distinct from it absolute equality (Plato 2003). Its seems what Platos argument is trying to show is that there is a concept of equality which is recollected when we view certain objects, such as two sticks of similar length or if we feel the weight of two stones of similar weight and we know whether or not they are of equal weight because we understand the concept of equality without it ever being taught. However what must be understood is that Plato is not saying that equality is within the sticks and stones themselves, as they may appear equal to me but unequal to another; but rather by seeing the sticks and the stones that we get the idea of absolute equality.Socrates then continues to highlight that we are aware that sticks and stones do fall short of being equal, but to be conscious of the fact that they fall short means that we must have a the concept of what it is to be perfectly equal. However how do we know of this equality when Plato denies empirical knowledge as reliable? Socrates answers That we must have had some previous knowledge of equality before the time when we first realised (Plato 2003). Therefore Socrates deduces that we obtained our knowledge of equality before birth. So if this holds true with equality then it must hold true with all other abstract entities or Forms such as beauty and justice. However Socrates continues claiming that Each of us loses this knowledge at the moment of birth, but afterwards by pertinent exercise of our senses, recover the knowledge which we once had before, I suppose that we call learning (Plato 2003). Hence Socra tes concludes that all learning is recollection. Socrates then moves on to present an alternative explanation to support his argument claiming that someone who truly knows a subject ought to be able to explain it to others, yet most people cannot explain the things that he (Socrates) has been explaining to Simmias (http://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/phaedo/section5.rhtml). Socrates explains that if someone can be brought to recollect knowledge of the kind he is explaining and then able to explain that knowledge to others, then it goes to show that knowledge existed in a past life and it was forgotten the at birth. Simmias raises an objection to this point stating that perhaps we gain knowledge at birth, but Socrates simply reminds him that if we possessed it at birth then surely it would be absurd to lose it at the exact same moment we gained that knowledge. Socrates then concludes that the existence of the soul before birth is as certain as the existence of beauty, goodness, and all things in themselves that the soul supplies knowledge of when we see the physical things that approximate to them Platos argument Platos argument seems to be coherent and reaches a sound conclusion that the soul pre-exist birth. However the argument has been criticised by many philosophers due to the gaps within the argument. These gaps within Platos argument must be explored in order to come to a conclusion on whether the Theory of Recollection does prove that the soul pre-exist the body. A chief criticism of Platos theory of recollection stems from the foundation of his argument. Plato discusses two different kinds of knowledge; intrinsic knowledge of the Forms (goodness, beauty and equality etc.) and the recollection of knowledge, and this is where the problem lies. In Phaedo Socrates is intent on showing that what we know was present before birth However Plato gives no explanation of when before birth we acquire this knowledge or how. Further, if we did come into this world knowing of abstract qualities such as justice, holiness and equality etc, the next thought would be that when did we first come into co ntact with these abstract qualities?. Plato gives no time frame and this is important as it obvious that when we, as humans get to a certain age all of us tend to know similar concepts such as those of the Forms described by Socrates in Phaedo. Further, Plato maintains that no true knowledge can come about from experience and that knowledge is innate; therefore experience from a previous life could not have given us the knowledge of the Forms, such as equality, beauty and justice etc. On the other hand in Platos defence that it could be said that our very first soul was created with such knowledge; that is our first soul was created with the knowledge of Forms. However there are those that object to this line of view claiming that Plato does not provide an answer on how the cycle of birth and death of the soul begin? And if it has a beginning how can it end? (http://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/phaedo/section5.rhtml). Owen Mcleod highlights this fact stating If the soul cannot die, then the soul is indestructible. The general principle being assumed here seems to be that if x cannot die, then x is indestructible. But.If x is destructible, then x can die. This is clearly false. Inanimate objects of all sorts rocks, shoes, corporations can be destroyed, and hence are destructible, but they do not literally die upon destructionMore so is Platos meaning of equality. Plato advances equality not just as a relation to two objects but as a property in itself. Yet we wouldnt normally think of a single stick on its own of being able to have the property of equality and so forthFurther Platos knowledge as discussed above is not that of future events or empirical knowledge but that of the knowledge of the Forms. Therefore for the Argument from Recollection to work the Theory of Forms must be accepted. This is as Hackforth states: the doctrine of Forms is with that of the souls existence before its incarnation: in other words, they stand and fall together. Attempts to p rove the Theory of the Forms may succeed or fail, but what the significance here is that Platonised Socrates does not explicitly prove or justify the Theory of the Forms Another problem of Platos argument is regarding the type of judgment that Recollection of the Forms leads us to make.If as Plato states that everything we perceive in the world, including those sense perceived judgments; are sustained by the Forms, it would suggest that all human beings judgments are correct, as the Forms are pure truth. Yet this conclusion would be widely inaccurate as human beings make many incorrect judgments, the Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster is a testament to this as it was human errors which resulted in destroying the lives of thousands of people. Conclusion Platos Theory of Recollection is a coherent argument and one which attempts to prove that the soul does pre-exist the body. Plato Phaedo works on many grounds due to the fact that we as human beings can relate too much of what Plato has written. It is widely accepted that when humans look at an object we can be reminded of a particular person or event. Therefore it does not seem strange to think of abstract qualities such as equality in the same way. Nonetheless, the Theory of Recollection rest upon premises which once examined shows misgivings within the argument. Plato Argument from Recollection relies heavy on his Theory of Forms which he assumes are not doubtable and due to this the Theory of Recollection automatically proves the existence of the soul. Yet the Forms are susceptible to doubt, as discussed before if humans decisions are imbued by the Forms then surely the Forms are doubtable as human beings decisions are incorrect time after time. Further modern day philosophy has simply described Phaedo as a religious doctrine supported by poets (Hackforth 1992), suggesting that Phaedo may have proved the pre-existence of the soul in Ancient Greek, yet now in the modern era it is must be seen as no more than a religious doctrine which was widely accepted at the time. Against modern philosophy Platos argument does not appear to be justified. Karl Poppers falsification theory, for example, demands that any suggestion that is put forward must be done so in terms that allows it to be falsified. If the idea requires certain assumptions that are impossible to prove, like the Theory of the Forms, then we cannot consider it as being valid Yet the context in which the dialogue was written must be considered when evaluating the Theory of Recollection. Socrates is condemned to death and his final hours are upon him, it is clear that Socrates purpose in the dialogue is to explain his views on death to his friends. Socrates lack of concern in the face of death surprises Cebes and Simminas and this prompts Socrates to convey his views on the immortality of the soul. Furthermore the period the dialogue was written, it was universally accepted that life existed after death. Thus Plato task is to link life after death to life before death. Therefore a modern reader must bare this in mind when considering Platos Theory of Recollection. Thus after examining Platos Theory of Recollection it can be concluded that though the argument is coherent, key premises are subject to criticism which undermines Platos argument. Furthermore with development of modern philosophy and developments in science the Theory of Recollection is subject to further failings, thus to a modern reader it would be difficult to accept the Theory of Recollection as golden proof for the pre-existence of the soul, yet at the time Plato wrote Phaedo the argument would have been accepted by a great number of people.